The Current Rating System in the United States Essay

English 122 12-1-11 The Current Rating System in the United States The current content rating system in use for film, the MPAA, is the only content rating system that is legally enforced in the United States. For this reason, the system has caused controversy. Many have claimed that the system is unbalanced, as the MPAA bases the level of appropriate content for all people in the United States off of the opinions of an unidentified council of people over the age of forty (Jenkins). The stance on how the system’s effectiveness is a relative stance, however, the secondhand effects of the system are obvious and existing today. Decisions have been made by film distribution companies that have affected the way films with objectionable†¦show more content†¦This type of butterfly effect that the rating system has on films is evident: the attempt to block off certain age limits to harsh types of content has ultimately put pressure on artists to limit types of ways to tell a story in mainstream film. In the interview with filmmaker Kirby Dick on this subject, the interviewer asks him about the topic of sexuality in film, MPAA’s stance on sexuality, and how Dick represented these ideas presented in his film. Dick stated, Allison Anders makes the very interesting point that in some ways the ratings system is more restrictive of sexuality now than it was in the Sixties and Seventies. I think there are a number of reasons. Perhaps to some degree society has shifted slightly. Film studios were making some money from films that were more sexually provocative, like Midnight Cowboy. But, then again, you have to realize that the studios benefit from the systems coming down hard on films, especially on independent films about adult sexuality. To begin with, who makes those films? Independents and foreign filmmakers make those films, and thats the studios competition. So they restrict it. Its not much competition, but it does make a difference. Jt also makes it appear like the Rating Jioard is doing its job as censors, as raters, doing their job, and doesnt pay attention to the fact that all these films about violence are slipping through unencumbered by a rating. And the studio filmmakers are keptShow MoreRel atedPerformance of a Hybrid Vehicle Compared to a Gasoline Vehicle: Ford Fusion 2013 SE1139 Words   |  5 Pagesgasoline American car with an internal combustion engine was built and since that year until the late 18th century electric vehicles were introduced in the United States. 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However, if students do not do as well as they could in school, it is necessarily fair to put all of the blame on them? Although commonly overlooked, there are two parts in the equation when consideringRead MoreA Research Report On The Strategy Of Identi Drive1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe company will centralize its efforts around a facial recognition system called Identi-Drive. Identi-Drive will allow customers to start their car s, scan for eye movement to ensure that the driver is alert and focused while operating the vehicle, and notify the driver if it detects distraction. 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Without a say in this fiscal burden being passed to them, the lack of a balanced budget is in effect, taxation without representation on future Americans. My proposed amendment to the United States Constitution would create a requirement for a balanced national budget each year

Taking a Look at Islamic Architecture - 1006 Words

Definition of Islamic Architecture Islamic architecture is defined as building traditions of Muslim populations of the Middle East and any countries where Islam had been dominated from the 7th century. History of Islamic Architecture In 630C.E the city of Mecca was re-conquered by Muhammad’s army from the Banu Quraish tribe. Before Muhammad’s death they began rebuilding the holy ka’ba and rededicated it to Islam in 632C.E by a shipwrecked Abyssinian carpenter in his native style. Then in the 7th century the number of people joining Islam increased tremendously, so they needed a place to worship God in, they needed a mosque. The simple layout provided to them was the same layout as the prophet’s house. Actually till now mosques are built in the same way. The first Islamic buildings were built by Greek architects who were living in the area when Arabs conquered it and that’s why the building look a lot a like the Romans Empire buildings. Early Islamic religious architecture, exemplified by Dome of the Rock (ad 691) in Jerusalem. It was highlighted by a large dome center stage and decorated with vivid patterns along the walls. Another example would be the great mosque in Damascus w hich had influences from both the hypostyle design which contains several rows of columns that hold together a flat base beneath a swirly minaret.. These two premium examples of Islamic architecture are both highly valued for their rich history and resemblance to the time of their existence. TypesShow MoreRelatedReflection1560 Words   |  7 PagesMaryam Bhurgri Professor Thurtle CHID 390 May 20th, 2017 A world entirely designed for one perspective. What happens when you’re the odd one out? When the very architecture of the world around you seems to laugh at you, the buildings loom over you, while the walls of each room close in on your very being. Yet there are spaces that inspire healing, that transcend the bounds of our everyday life. Faith is a strange thing, some depend on it for guidance, others for healing. What happens when theRead MoreThe Creations Of One Of My Favourite Interior Designers1319 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the press she has received by her wondrous architecture pieces. Through my research, I have learnt that the materials typically used for a minbar in a mosque is iron, as its easily carved to any shape or form. Furthermore, the colour gold is highly used to give off a Royal Ottoman aura because it illustrates wealth and prosperity, which then leads onto textures as they are also a very important element in Ottoman designs. Ottoman architecture is the engineering of the Ottoman Empire whichRead MoreThe Islamic Diffusion Of India1243 Words   |  5 Pagesbuilt in 629, it is called the Cheraman Juma Masjid. The mosque was made in the Indian state Kerala. Islam continued to spread into Indian cities, by immigration and conversion, as the Arab Muslims and the Indians continued trading. 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Australian Auditing & Assurance Services ASX Category

Question: Describe about the Australian Auditing Assurance Services for ASX Category. Answer: Introduction The present article is to emphasize on the issues auditing service and assurance of any company of ASX listed category. This article will emphasize on the role of auditors to the domain of public notification about the financial health of the company along with the stakeholders to make them aware about the present situation as well as the comparison of the financial statement of the company to conclude the financial health with growth prospect of the company. The role of auditor is like watchdog to find the loopholes along with the shortcomings of the company in different financial activities and assess the risks related to financial performance of the company. The company selected for this purpose is Telstra which is the giant in telecom industry in Australia. The company is proving its activities in the arena with supremacy and dictating the market with stiff competition faced from the other companies like Vodafone and Optus, to name a few. The job of the auditor is to find out the risks related to the company with specification of different financial elements like revenue with its source and the competitor analysis(Asx, 2015). So far the activity of audit is concerned; it has high value of ethics, professionalism, legal and regulatory aspects to comply with the state and federal taxes, the obligatory part to the stakeholders to make them aware of the position of the company along with the compliance related to ASX formalities. In this article we will look into the factors of different financial operations and elements along with the detection of risk for Telstra(Capitalcube, 2016). Sources of Revenue of Telstra As per the financial report of the company, the following analysis had been found which are taken from the excerpts of the financial report of 2015. It is observed that the major heads of Telstra revenue is originated from Telstra retail which is contributing 60% of the total revenue, while other heads of revenue contributes to the balance amount which is consisting of global enterprise and services contributing to around 20%, Telstra operation is contributing around 10% and Telstra wholesale contributes around 1% to the total revenue. It is also observed that the income from the shareholding of Sensis had yielded $ 552 million in the year 2014. It is observed that the total revenue is declined by 1% in 2015 in respect of 2014(Molinsky, 2016). Analysis of Revenue- Telstra Corporation Ltd. Heading of Revenue F Y 2015 F Y 2014 Variance contribution to total revenue $ million $ million 2015 2014 Telstra Retail 17,252 16,383 5 65 61 Global Enterprise and Services 5,674 5,257 8 21 20 Telstra Operation 2,586 2,328 11 10 9 Telstra Wholesale 424 289 47 2 1 Other ( excluding Sensis) 671 2,039 (67) 3 8 Total Telstra Segment (excluding Sensis) 26,607 26,296 1 100 98 Other - Sensis 552 N/A - 2 Total Telstra Segment 26,607 26,848 (1) The respective pictorial representation is shown below in the chart form:- With the above spreadsheet and the chart, it is evident that the company is growing in its different sector of revenue generation with the substantial increase in Telstra core sector revenue generating aspects like Telstra retail with 5%, global enterprise and services with 8%, Telstra Operation with 11%, Telstra wholesale with 47% while other source of revenue had de-growth with 67% and total Telstra segment excluding Sensis with the increase of 1% over 2014 in 2015. The revenue generated from Sensis was 552 million $ in 2014 which is not featured in 2015. The component of revenue generation in totality had shown de-growth in 2015 of 1% which is mainly due to the non-existence of Sensis in 2015 as a revenue generation component(Telstra, 2016). Major services rendered by Telstra The target audience of Telstra in Australia has high level of expectation from the company. As they are the leading telecom service provider of the country, the company is enjoying 41% of the market share so far serving the customers with their varied level of telecom products. As per the latest finalized financial report of 30the June, 2015, the revenue section of the company is consisting of different domestic and international services. The company is mainly involved in Telstra Retail which is yielding around 60% of the total revenue of the company in the domestic market of Australia. The other components are contributing to revenue of the company but without much significance. The overseas business is covered in the segment of Global Enterprise and Services which is contributing around 20% of the total revenue of the company(Telstra, 2015). Competition and Market Share The company is facing major competition from two companies in the domestic market- Vodafone and Optus. Telstra is enjoying majority of the market share by holding around 41% of the telecom services market of the domestic market of Australia. The below chart can give clear idea of the holding of market share for the F Y 2015 and 2016 end June so far Australian domestic market related to telecom service is concerned(Budde, 2015). Competition in Australian telecom Industries Company Name Total Market June 2015 Total Market June 2016 Telstra 40 42 Optus 21 22 Vodafone 16 15 Virgin 6 5 Boost 1 1 amaysim/Vaya 4 5 ALDI 2 2 TPG/iiNet 3 3 Other MVNOS 6 6 total 100 100 From the chart it is evident that the main shareholder of the market of Australian telecom industry is Telstra who is followed by Optus and Vodafone. With the stiff competition faced in the market, Vodafone is gradually loosing control of market share to Telstra and Optus. The other competitors are other survivors in the market namely Virgin, Boost Amaysim/Vaya, ALDI, TPG/iinet and other service providers, from the recent analysis, it is evident that Telstra is maintain the overall control and supremacy of the market of telecom services in Australia. The below bar diagram can also depict the same (Accc, 2016). With the above analysis, it is evident that Telstra has brand loyal customers in Australia who contribute to the overall performance of the company. The level of services maintained by the company made it possible to satisfy the target audience and this is the inherent reason for the overall growth of the company in the sector of telecom services in Australia(Kidman, 2016). PEST Analysis of Telstra PEST analysis is the analysis of any organization to find out the political, economical, social and technological aspects to find out its implication in the stakeholders interests and accordingly plan the strategic steps to ensure the sustainability of business or activities of such organization. The analysis can emphasize on the facts of the company with the actions which they initiate to keep balance of the aspects to make the company viable in domestic and global arena to ensure future business of the company with keeping the stakeholders interest on high priority(Hopq, 2015). Political The company is possessing presence in both domestic market of Australia and global market in the sector of telecom industries. To run the business, the company has to find the stability of the government with keeping an eye on the expected future changes of the government and the legislation of the country. The political aspect is mainly conferred the to the business law prevailing in the country concerned. The compliance of the same is to be met by the company on top priority. The government of Australia has implied the business law with strict compliance on competition restriction which ensures the stable business policy of the country and leaves no such scopes to make the business ambience of the country in volatile position. The regulatory bodies of the country are running their operation in transparency and this makes the job of the company to run the show with ease and proficiency. Both the provincial and the country government are keen to help the business grow in the steady p olitical situation which is enhanced by the easy and flawless application of the legislation in the country in different segments of governmental operation(Telstra, 2013). Economic So far the economic analysis of Telstra is concerned; the company is confirming high level of growth with their different sectors of operation. Moreover the company possesses the giant share of the market in the telecom industry of Australia. It enhances the revenue level of the company with the subsequent profit margin of the company to ensure the sustainability of existence of Telstra with the stakeholders. The market of telecom industries grows in regular rate both in global and domestic market. It is also observed that the company yields good profit margin and that makes the shareholders of the company in comfortable situation. So far the statutory compliance related to provincial and country government, the company maintains the highest level accuracy prioritizing this issue on to brace of the objectives of the company. This business has no season, in fact this business runs through the entire season and being the market leader, Telstra is well placed in comfortable position wit h further strive for excellence from the launch pad where they stands now(Nguyen, 2014). Social So far social analysis is concerned; the company stands responsible to the society with their different activities which ensure the CSR of the company. The company initiated different steps in the area of corporate social responsibilities through which they can justify their stands in the social aspect. The main market of this company is the domestic company of Australia which has population of mixed demography and everybody needs this service to sustain in modern life. Media reports say that the company is well placed so far its existence is concerned which is ensured through the high level of deliverance of service by the company to the target audience. The company runs with honoring the ethical values of the business by not violating the Competition Law of Australian Business Law in the areas of prices and other commercial activities with the assurance of non violation of such laws(Continuum, 2011). Technological The technological analysis of Telstra shows the high level of application of most sophisticated technology related to the field of operation of telecom service business. The global adaptability of telecom industry grows in faster pace and it is the basic requirement of the company to be at par with the trend and with the constant strive to excel in the field. The company is maintaining good research and developmental work which normally adds value to the performance of the company in high level to enable them to be placed at first spot of the Australian Telecom Service Industry. The company is ready to adopt the latest technologies evolved and marketed by other leaders globally and with the proper evaluation and utilization of the same, the company is holding the position of market leader in Australia so far telecom service industry is concerned(Hopq, 2015). Risk areas Operational Risks The risk area of the company is the business itself. As the company is dealing with telecom service, it needs huge involvement of high level and most sophisticated technology which originates from the expertise of the human resource. Moreover the retention of efficient and expert human resources is the most important issue, failing which the company may face huge threat towards sustainability. This business is dynamic with the trend of growth which is depending upon the regular increase of network traffic powered with the continuous evolution of technologies and new markets. These specific trends is contributing to different risks which is posing challenges for accomplishment of strategic objectives of the company which includes the ambitious growth plan followed by future monetary activities. There different risk factors which can dominate the business of Telstra and these are defined as material risks which includes the material exposure related to economy, environment and society so far the sustainability risks are concerned. It is the challenge of the company to minimize those risks. There is no such clear demarcation of this risks as per significance as they are not encompassing. Instead the reflection of most major risks is identified mainly in the level of whole entity through risk management process of the company and the same is set out in the corporate governance of Telstra segment. The risk such identified by the management is being non-responsive to the development of technology and market level through the exercise of cost effective and productive way. The exposure of this risk is enhancing day by day due to changed market position which includes geared-up advancement of technology which is instrumental for the gradual increment of expectation of customers with relevant performance of the company. The role of competitor cant be denied with negative approach followed by simpler models of business which is prevalent in both domestic and international markets. The risk of disruptive services may ha ppen due to environmental reason related natural calamity which cant be acceptable to the customers at any point of time due to the nature of service provided by the company(Telstra, 2016). Potential impact of audit risks The audit risks are three types- inherent, control and detection risks. The company with its financial statements prevails that the inherent risk of material misstatement due to omission or error may be there as the entry level work is made by human being. Due to its complex nature of business, the probability of such risks always prevails. The company has high level of control in the financial operations and the risk related to control raising material misstatement is mitigated. The detection risks are always there for the auditors as, due to complexity of the nature of the business of Telstra, the auditor may overlook some of the important material misstatement which may cause severe impact on the audit work of Telstra(Telstra, 2016). Conclusion Telstra is a prime brand of Australian telecom provider and the business is growing with the eminent level of services extended by the company to its customers. The company ahs a strong base of loyal bunch of customers and they really depend upon the services of the company as the company is excelling its performance with the adaptation of latest technology in the field with the application for the customers. The company has high level of research and development wings that devotes time, energy and money for this purpose to afford more value added services to the customers. The company ahs risks related to business, as like other businesses. It is the prime job of the company to minimize the same and look for the best possible affordable service to the customers. The risks related to auditing is always there for any company so far audit operation is concerned, and the same is to be mitigated with the expertise and professionalism by the audit agency to understand the system of operation of the company well and so the mitigation of audit risk can be ensured which is required for the interest of stakeholders like shareholders, creditors, government, suppliers and the employees. Telstra, being a professional company always insists on transparency and that helps the auditors to minimize the audit risk as well to perform the best possible audit for the company. . . References: Accc. (2016, February 05). Competition in the Australian telecommunications sector. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Accc: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/ACCC%20Telecommunications%20reports%202014%E2%80%9315_Div%2011%20and%2012_web_FA.pdf Asx. (2015). Asx Listinig Rules. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from https://www.asx.com.au/documents/rules/gn04_foreign_entities.pdf Budde. (2015, December 01). Telstra remains the master of the game. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from budde: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Australia-Telco-Company-Profiles-Telstra-Optus-and-Vodafone Capitalcube. (2016, January 12). Telstra Corp. Ltd. Value Analysis (ASX:TLS) : January 22, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016, from Capitalcube: https://www.capitalcube.com/blog/index.php/telstra-corp-ltd-value-analysis-asxtls-january-22-2016/ Continuum, Q. (2011, July 06). Equities Spotlight: Telstra (TLS). Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Macrobusiness: https://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2011/07/equities-spotlight-telstra-tls/ Hopq. (2015, March 23). PESTAnalysis. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Hopq: https://www.hopq.info/essays/Pest-Analysis-362245.html Kidman, A. (2016, July 28). Telstra still tops in Australian mobile market share. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Finder: https://www.finder.com.au/telstra-still-tops-in-australian-mobile-market-share Molinsky, R. (2016, August 11). Telstra 2016 financial results. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from exchange: https://exchange.telstra.com.au/2016/08/11/telstra-2016-financial-results/ Nguyen, H. (2014, October 05). Strategic Human Resource Management - Telstra. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from prezi: https://prezi.com/lihsho-x0kvs/strategic-human-resource-management-telstra/ Telstra. (2016). Financial results. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from telstra: https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/investors/financial-information/financial-results Telstra. (2015, August 13). Governance at Telstra. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from telstra: https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf%20D/governance-at-telstra.pdf Telstra. (2016, August 11). Governance at Telstra. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Telstra: https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-e/FY16-Corporate-Governance-Statement-and-Appendix-4G.pdf Telstra. (2016). Take The Risk Out. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Telstra: https://www.telstra.com.au/business-enterprise/download/document/business-security-consulting-datasheet.pdf Telstra. (2013, May 01). Telstra. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from myassignmenthelp: https://myassignmenthelp.info/assignments/assignment-online-study-guide-review-analysis-telstra-australian-telephone/

What is British Culture Essay Thesis Example For Students

What is British Culture? Essay Thesis When Sociologists use the term culture they are referring to a whole way of life within a particular society i.e. Different societies have different cultures. Some societies however may share similar things within their cultures, for example, British society shares the same language (English) with American society. There are a number of different sociological interpretations of culture. Ralph Linton states that The culture of a society is the way of life of its members; the collection of ideas and habitats which they learn, share and transmit from generation to generation. Culture is learned through the process of socialization, it is also shared and provides a design for living. There would be a broken and disrupted communication if culture was not shared, cooperation would decay altogether and this would ultimately lead to disorder and the collapse of human society, therefore culture is crucial in civilised human life. Culture is expressed through routine behaviour and symbolic culture of their society by following guidelines and rules, these are known as norms and values and are important in maintaining order in society. Norms are specific rules members of a society must abide by. They guide people in particular situations with appropriate and sensible behaviour. Norms are enforced by positive and negative sanctions which can be addressed formally and informally. Values work more as general principles for human behaviour and maintain morals. In order for a stable society that operates most effectively, norms and values must be shared and preserved. We will write a custom essay on What is British Culture? Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now British society has a culture just like every other civilisation. People who live in Britain are part of its culture and society and must obey its norms and values. There are various customs and conventions associated with British culture. Britains culture can be defined through a number of things. This includes language which is essential as it allows communication and cooperation, the necessary ingredients in an active and shared culture. Britains predominant language is English, this is mainly because it is taught in schools and is used broadly in public. Foreigners are urged to learn English and fit into British society. David Blunkett proposed that all those who live in Britain must learn and speak English at all times, including at home. He also suggested that those who want admission into Britain must pass a test on British history. Many would agree with Mr. Blunkett that this is a progressive step for British culture as it gives foreigners a better opportunity to adapt into the British society. Dress also plays an important part in British culture. For example someone wearing salwaar kameez may be stared at in central London, as it is not a normal way to dress however British people are beginning to accept and recognise different dress senses. In British culture, as in others, there are norms that govern dress. People who promote nudity are not tolerated in British society, as a result they are enforced with a negative, formal sanction by the state. Food also plays an important role in different cultures. The British culture is particularly recognised for its traditional fish and chips and breakfast meals. One of the popular conventions of British society would include socialising at a pub, after work or in the evening. This social institution is known for its sale of alcoholic beverages which are also related to British culture. Arguably the most important value within British culture would be the importance of education. In British culture education is regarded as the key to success, this concept has been hugely debated as many believe education has little relevance in succeeding in life and that success in itself may be defined in many ways to different people. British society is heavily dependant on the education system, one of its most important socializing institutions. British culture is a supporter of equality, another feature subject to criticism. British society grants the people of its culture many freedoms, these include freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement and freedom of association. .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .postImageUrl , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:hover , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:visited , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:active { border:0!important; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:active , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Richard Preston EssayBritain is also the promoter of traditional events that include Halloween and bonfire night these are part of its culture, as they are celebrated annually by the majority of the population. The majority of Britain is of the Christianity faith and so Christmas is the major religious event, it is publicised by the mass media the most. Media is a hugely significant constituent in British culture. It promotes celebrity trends through TV and Tabloid newspapers, this prompts individuals to change their cultural possessions and more importantly their cultural identities. The question of does Britain have a culture? can arise as Britain is regarded as a multi-cultural and multi-faith society having said that, there is strong evidence that suggests that it is dominated by white, upper class males.

Dictionary of Old and Obsolete Occupations - W

Dictionary of Old and Obsolete Occupations - W The occupations found recorded in documents from prior centuries often appear unusual or foreign when compared to the occupations of today. The following occupations beginning with W are generally now considered old or obsolete, although some of these occupational terms are still in use today. Wabster  - weaver Wadding maker  - maker of wadding (usually made of old rags or cotton) for stuffing upholstered furniture Wafer maker  - maker of church communion wafers Wagoner  / Waggoner  - teamster not for hire. The WAGNER surname is the 7th most common name in Germany. Wailer  - Mine worker who removed impure rocks in a coal mine Wain house proprietor  - owner of a building where wagons could be parked for a fee Wainius  - ploughman Wainwright  - wagon maker Waiter  - customs officer or tide waiter; one who waited on the tide to collect duty on goods brought in Waitman  - Nightwatchman who guarded the gates of a city, usually marking the hours with the ringing of a small bell Waker  - A person whose job was to wake workers in time for early morning work Walker / Waulker  - fuller; cloth trampler or cleaner. The WALKER surname is the 28th most popular name in the United States. Waller  - 1) Specialist in building walls; 2) salt maker. The WALLER surname is one variation of WALL. Wardcorn  - Watchman armed with a horn for sounding the alarm on the event of intruders or trouble. Common during medieval times. Warker  - Specialist at building walls, embattlements, and embankments Warper / Warp Beamer  - a textile worker who arranged the individual yarns which created the warp of the fabric upon a large cylinder called a beam. Water bailiff  - 1) A customs officer who searched ships as they came into port; 2) one employed to protect fisheries from poachers Water carter / Water carrier  - Someone who sold fresh water from a traveling cart Waterguard  - customs officer Wattle hurdle maker - one who made a special type of fence from wattle to contain sheep Weatherspy - astrologer Webber / Webster  - weaver; operator of looms. The WEBER surname is the 6th most common German name. Wet nurse  -  A women who feeds the children of others with her own breast milk (usually for a fee) Wetter - either one who dampened paper during the printing process, or one in the glass industry who detached glass by wetting Wharfinger  - a person who owned or was in charge of a wharf Wheel tapper -  Ã‚  a railway worker who checked for cracked wheels by striking them with a long-handled hammer and listening to their ring Wheelwright  - builder and repairer of wagon wheels, carriages etc. Wheeryman - one in charge of a wheery (light rowboat) Whey cutter  - a worker in the cheese industry Whiffler  - an officer who went before an army or procession to clear the way by blowing a horn or trumpet Whipcorder  - a maker of whips Whipperin - in charge of managing the hounds in a hunt Whisket weaver  - basket maker White cooper  - one who makes barrels from tin or other light metals White limer  - one who painted walls and fences with white lime Whitesmith  - tinsmith; worker of tin who finishes or polishes the work Whitewing - street sweeper Whitster  - bleacher of cloth Willow plaiter - one who made baskets Wing coverer  - a worker who covered airplane wings with linen fabric Wonkey scooper  - person who operated a scoop-type contraption from a horse Woolcomber - one who  operated machines that separate fibers for spinning in the woolen industry Woolen billy piercer - worked in a woolen mill to piece together broken yarns Wool man / Wool sorter - one who sorted wool into different grades Wright  - a skilled worker in various trades. The WRIGHT surname is the 34th most common name in the United States.

Demostration Speech Essay Example

Demostration Speech Essay Example Demostration Speech Essay Demostration Speech Essay Grade: 95Instructor: Dr. Hayes Cynthia Horne Date: 9-25-2012 Topic: How to Check Your Blood Pressure Type: Demonstration Speech Mode: Memorized Introduction: I asked several questions to get the attention of my audience. This speech was a chance for me to share steps and experience on checking your blood pressure only takes 30 seconds. The steps were clearly stated, first choose the right equipment, second, stabled patient and third the right size blood pressure cuff. Blood pressure issues can strike at any age. The chaos, confusion and disorder in life will still be there. Keeping your pressures check will ensure you not having a heart attack or stroke. I spoke of having to check my blood pressure on regular basis. These easy steps are how I keep my doctor informed on the high and low of my pressure on a weekly basis. Body: My thoughts were organized logically. The main points were clearly explained. I took the listeners systematically step by step; bring in a short YouTube video of two ways on how to check your blood pressure manually by using the arm cuff or using a wrist cuff. I demonstrated this on a live patient. I included a little comedy build up to make my patient feel more relaxed. I wanted to get the best effect as possible. A source was cited as stated in the video, normal pressure is 120/80. The three steps I used to show how to check your blood pressure was supported in my speech. The evidence was clear and current. Conclusion: I have been battling high blood pressure for a few years now. I was on my way to having a stroke. Thankfully it was caught in time. It is a frightening experience that will challenge who you are, what is genuinely important to you and what your life is all about. I suggested to my audience to take The American Red Cross vital signs course that lasts about 2 or 3 hours. It is easy to take your blood pressure. It only takes 30 seconds. I adapted to my listeners feedback. My story received maximum impact. Other: I took a couple of slow deep breaths before I started. I focus in on my audience. Instead of looking down while doing my speech I look around the room making eye contact with everyone. I remembered that they are individual people, they are my classmates. I worked on the introduction so my speech will get off to a good start. I use video to create interest, draw attention away from me. My voice was not as shaky; therefor my tone of voice was smooth. I used my arm and hands to help tell my story effectively and drive home my main point. Materials List Omron Automatic Blood Pressure with cuff Live patient YouTube video Brochures Comments: Evaluations from my peers was on a grading scale from 1 to 5, with 5 being the strongest. I received a majority score of 5 strong points for organization, content, and delivery.

Leadership Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Case Study - Essay Example Contingency leadership and management demands that there should not be any particular way of doing things as there is no universal principal of doing organizational tasks in certain way therefore his role at McKinsey may not be as per contingency approach. His other two roles i.e. at AGSM and Fairfax Holdings Limited may come under contingency leadership and management. His actions at Fairfax regarding staff lock outs, cost reductions and disinvestments all demanded a contingency approach to the management which he did. At AGSM, his role in developing the competition policy, revamping the whole idea of being a business school within the Australian Perspective. Therefore his approach at the AGSM and Fairfax holding may be termed as the change agent approach. The change agent approach believe that CEOs most critical role is to create an environment of continual reinvention, even if such an emphasis on change creates short-term disturbances such as anxiety, confusion, and poorer financi al results 2. There are various situational influences which impact the contingency leadership and management style. The most effective leadership style depends on the readiness level of group members. Readiness is defined as the extent to which a group member has the ability and willingness or confidence to accomplish a specific task. Readiness has two components, ability and willingness. Ability is the knowledge, experience, and skill an individual or group brings to a particular task or activity. Willingness is the extent to which an individual or group has the confidence, commitment, and motivation to accomplish a specific task. At McKinsey & Co, the readiness was high and in the range of R4 with high readiness. At AGSM, the scope of his job was much broader as he was heading the most prestigious business of his country therefore the role in which he was put in was the most important situational influence on Hilmer. However at Fairfax holdings, we can easily assume that his

Film Analysis Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Analysis Research - Essay Example Filmed in black and white the movie is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made till date mainly because it contains all the ingredients like a good cast, excellent direction, good camera work, editing and sound. Film Analysis Caine (2000) describes that one of the most important things to make a good film is to hire a good cast. The actor should be recognized or popular to drive the audience into the cinemas. Caine (2000) believes that casting popular actors in a movie automatically raises the chances of its success. People of course would not want to pay for tickets for someone who they do not recognize as a cinematic figure and thus it becomes vital to fulfill these criteria. Caine (2000) has his reasons for believing this as he says that nearly all the greatest movies ever made had a strong cast in it, something which people enjoyed and gave thumbs up to. The lead cast of the film was considered as a powerhouse in that era. Humphrey Bogart had established himself as an act or with The Maltese Falcon and High Sierra that were released in 1941, just a year before Casablanca was released. Humphrey Bogart was already a favorite of the audience and critics and he was a perfect fit for the role of Rick. The same was the case with the Swedish born actor Ingrid Bergman. Just a year before Casablanca, she starred in a movie called Dr. ... Humphrey Bogart’s role was very well identified and acted out. He is shown in the movie as a man suffering from the consequences of the war. He has lost his love and spends most of his time in the cafe he owns. His character shows how war affects the life of a common man very ironical to the lives of millions of people that were affected by the war. His character is very easy to relate to by the audience. Not only his but the character played by Ingrid Bergman also shows the conventional life of the women living in the era of war. She tries to obey his husband and stick to him when his life was under great threat. Women were asked to obey their husband at all times as men were regarded very superior much because of their active participation in the war. The female audience also found it easy to relate to that character as portrayed by Ingrid Bergman. Direction of the movie is yet another important element for its success. Osborne (1997) believes that Michael Curtiz did a spect acular job in making Casablanca one of the greatest movies ever. He combined some of the most skilled people in his crew including the lead cast. It was his decision to start Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman in the movie when Warner Bros wanted to keep a little tight budget by hiring new actors for it. Harmetz (2002) elucidates that the Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman were not in the best of relations during the time when the movie was being made. The two lead cast used to quarrel with each other on sets and because Humphrey Bogart was also doing 3 other movies at the same time he started to give Casablanca a little less importance. It was not

Roles, Responsibilities and Skills of a Coach Essay Example for Free

Roles, Responsibilities and Skills of a Coach Essay Alex Ferguson A role model is a person who serves as a positive example and whose behaviour and success is emulated by others. The way the coach conducts themselves in the presence of their athletes is important to get the respect of their athletes so they are able to coach them successfully. Alex Ferguson is a fine example of a role model because he produces such successful teams and always conducts himself in a professional and respectful manner which rubs off on his players. This is especially evident in players such as Ryan Giggs and Paul Scholes who are also great role models of the game and they have been heavily influenced by Alex Ferguson throughout their careers. This is one of the reasons his team has won the league so many times, became European champions and he has created so many world class players. An example of him using this is with Wayne Rooney. When he came to United he had a very fiery temper and would often break the rules and end get yellow carded or sent off causing a disadvantage for his team but after being coached in the right way by Ferguson and following his example he has learnt to conduct himself properly and control his anger much better. This influence from Alex Ferguson has been vital in making him the top class player that he has become. Linford Christie – Is also a great role model but in a different way. He is more of a role model to his athletes because of his own sporting achievements. He is the only British man to win a gold medal in the 100 m at all four major competitions: the Olympic Games and the World, Commonwealth, and European championships and he still holds the British 100m record. This would be impressive to any aspiring athlete and they would be more likely to respect what he says and more likely to listen to him because they know he knows what he’s talking about. His athletes are inspired by his achievements and will be more motivated by him being their coach because of all of his achievements. He is quoted in The Independent saying: â€Å"I think the athletes respond well to me because I have been successful. I know what it takes to get to the top. I know what psychological games to play and the importance of mental power. Alex Ferguson and Linford Christie are similar in that they are both well respected and great role models to their athletes. Coaches like this are typically very successful because to be successful it is important for their athletes to look up to them so they listen to and respect their advice so the coach can do their job effectively and improve their performance. The differences between the coaches are that Ferguson earns his status as a role model for his coaching success and Christie gets his from his sporting success. This means that they both have different types of knowledge and would probably have completely different coaching styles. Ferguson is more experienced in coaching and a better manager of his players whereas Christie would have a better understanding of any issues his athletes may have because he has been there himself at a higher level than them and he probably doesn’t stick to the conventional coaching methods and would have his own ways of doing things. Manager Alex Ferguson – One of Alex Ferguson’s most important roles is being a good manager. Being a manager involves him being able to man manage players to ensure he gets the best out of them. Management is especially to Ferguson because he coaches football, a team sport so his role as a manager is important to make sure he is picking the right players in the right positions in the right games and also deciding when to make substitutions at the right time. An example of good managing by him is when he brings on Carlos Tevez as a sub in a tough game when the other forwards are tiring because he has fresh legs and a very good work rate. This has proved to be very effective for him because he has brought Tevez on at the right time in some important games and he has changed the game. Linford Christie – One of the roles that Linford Christie would have to fulfil is being a manager. For him this would include being well organised for example having the training sessions planned before the session and most importantly the one to one man management of each of his athlete’s. This is obviously very important for Christie to have as he coaches individual athletes and he has to manage them in the right way to get the best out of them. For example, some of his athletes might respond better to him having a go at them after a poor performance and some might respond better to a friendly arm around the shoulder. It is vital that he is able to recognise which athlete’s need which type of management or he could be damage his relationship with the athlete which could result in a drop in their confidence and their performance. Alex Ferguson and Linford Christie are similar in that they both have to have good man management skills which means they have to be good communicators, good leaders and be able to support their athletes individually. The main difference between these two coaches when it comes to managing is that Ferguson has to make a lot more decisions because he has to make a whole team work together successfully so he has the added responsibilities of picking the squad, when to drop players and who needs to be rested whereas Christie only has to be concerned with one athlete at a time and to make sure that athlete is happy and performing well. Friend Alex Ferguson – It is important that the coach of a successful team is also a friend to their athletes. This is because if an athlete feels that they have a good relationship with their coach they will perform better overall. Being a friend to their athletes is important to develop loyalty and a good understanding of their athletes. This enables them to know which way to coach them individually also to help the athletes overcome issues and problems such as injuries and personal problems. The main skill needed to fulfil this role effectively is good communication skills. An example of Alex Ferguson being a friend is the way he has supported and encouraged players such as Wes Brown and Owen Hargreaves through career threatening injuries and offering them advice and help. Linford Christie – One of Linford Christie’s roles as an athletics coach is to also be a friend to his athletes. It is especially important for Christie to have this kind of relationship with his athletes because they are individual athletes and they don’t have team mates or many other coaches to rely on for support. Darren Campbell, one of his star athletes said, Well, to begin with, he is compassionate, says Campbell. He is not a bully. He doesnt throw cups of tea. People who say he is arrogant dont know him. What it is about him is confidence, belief. I know its a fine line, but I have known him since I was a 14-year-old and he has always had a soft side. One of his greatest assets is that mentally he is one of the strongest people I have ever met. It is clear from this statement that he is a friend as well as a coach to this athlete. Darren Campbell is Britain’s top sprinter so this type of coaching has proved to be a success because he is inspired by Linford Christie, he trusts him and will therefore make his job easier to coach Campbell as he will listen to his advice and put 100% into training. Alex Ferguson and Linford Christie have similar roles to play as a coach and one of the roles they have in common is to be a friend to their athletes. They both do this well and have a good balance of when to be a friend and when to be a coach which can be a difficult balance to have but it is a vital part of achieving success with a team or an individual athlete. I think it is more important for Linford Christie to be a good friend to his athletes because he works with them on a one to one basis mainly whereas Alex Ferguson’s main role is to pick a successful team for each game and this is more important than being friendly with the players. It is part of his job to upset players because all of his players in the squad would like to play every game but obviously they can’t all the time. Educator Alex Ferguson – An important part of being a successful coach like Alex Ferguson is to be an educator. Even though his players are some of the best players in the world, he still has a role of educating them further so they can continue to develop as players. The educator role for a football coach includes educating the team about new formations, new positions that players may be put in and to further educate them about the game in general. A sports coach also has to have a good amount of knowledge about the scientific side of the game, such as nutrition, recovery and fitness and have the communication skills to get these messages through to the players. An example of his success because of the way he has educated his players is when the champions league semi final against Arsenal. Every player had a full understanding of the formation and their role in the team, even though some players were in a different position than what they’re used to such as Ronaldo playing cent re forward when he’s usually on the wing. This is because they would have been training during the week before the game getting used to playing this way and so they could ask Alex Ferguson any questions they had about where they were playing so they knew exactly what to do when it came to the game. Linford Christie – Also has to be a good educator in order to produce successful athletes. He has to educate his athletes mainly on their technique because he coaches sprinters and to improve their times they have to improve their technique. Christie has a lot of experience of being a successful sprinter so he passes down this knowledge to his sprinters to improve their times. An example of Linford Christie educating an athlete is when he first had Darren Campbell he realised that the best part of his 100 meter race is the last 40 metres so they needed to work on his start and his coach has educated him to improve this. Alex Ferguson and Linford Christie both need to be educators to ensure their athletes are successful but in different ways. Alex Ferguson’s role as an educator is less specific than Linford Christie’s because the smallest detail or a slight different technique in sprinting can mean the difference between a gold medal and not even getting a medal. So Christie may have to concentrate on coaching something specific like an athlete becoming quicker off the blocks. Alex Ferguson has to concentrate mainly on team performance so his educator role mainly concerns coaching the team as a unit on larger scale things such as formation. Sometimes though, Ferguson would also have to coach individually like Christie. Responsibilities Legal obligations Alex Ferguson – Even coaches of professional teams have legal obligations which include abiding by the rules that have been put in place by FIFA. Some of these rules include player protection especially those under 18 and the rules that are set regarding signing players or selling players. For example, if Alex Ferguson wanted to sign Kaka he couldn’t approach him or even get in contact with him without his clubs consent or he would be breaching the rules. It is also his legal responsibility to make sure his players are training in a safe environment with safe equipment. He also has to make sure that there are the appropriate medical staff and facilities to take proper care of his players. Linford Christie – Also has to apply with the legal responsibilities that come with being a sports coach. He has to make sure that he is using suitable and safe equipment and facilities when working with his athletes. Christie would also have to have the appropriate coaching qualifications to coach at the level does. Another one of his legal responsibilities is to educate his athletes and to enforce the rules and regulations put in place by the governing body of the sport. For example, Linford Christie has to discourage his athletes from using illegal performance enhancing drugs because they are banned from the sport and if he is caught they could both be in serious trouble for breaking the rules. Both of these coaches have to satisfy their legal obligations as sports coaches and they are similar in doing this because they have the same general legal responsibilities for any coach of any sport, some of which I have already discussed. Their roles differ slightly due to the obvious difference in the sport they are coaching. Alex Ferguson has to deal with the issue of buying and selling players and all of the rules that come with it but because Linford Christie is only dealing with individual athletes and it’s a different business where they don’t really buy and sell their athletes. Both coaches obviously have to discourage drug use but it is less popular in football than it is in athletics, particularly in sprinting so it plays more of a role in Linford Christie’s job than in Alex Ferguson. Professional conduct Alex Ferguson – One of Alex Ferguson’s important roles is to conduct himself professionally especially because he is in the media so much and he would get in all sorts of trouble if he didn’t act this way especially on television because there are a lot of people that look up to him. He also has to act professional around his players and his staff which would include using appropriate language, being well presented and not smoking or drinking at inappropriate times such as during training. An example of him being professional is last week when Ronaldo had a tantrum after being substituted against Man City which would have been quite embarrassing for him but when he was interviewed about it he acted professionally and didn’t turn on his player he just said that it was good that he wanted to play so much and that he’d spoken with him about it. Linford Christie – Also has to conduct himself professionally because he is a professional sports coach and he has to be a good role model to his athletes. He has to act professionally with his athletes so things such as executing good practice, setting an example to his athletes, not swearing, drinking or smoking in his athlete’s presence and complying with the rules the governing body has set.. He should also have the appropriate coaching qualifications to be coaching Olympic athletes. An example of him being professional is when he took two of his athletes to the Olympics but because of a rule saying he couldn’t work behind the scenes with his athletes during the competition because of being caught for drugs when he was an athlete he didn’t argue it and just sat in the stands to support his athletes. Both of these coaches need to conduct themselves professionally at all times especially when they are with their athletes because they have to set a good example to their athletes and have their respect. Their responsibilities, as far as professionalism goes are the same because they both have to be well presented, execute good practice, adhere to their code of conduct, have the appropriate qualifications to coach at the level they do and act and speak appropriately. Health and safety Alex Ferguson – It is his personal responsibility to ensure his players train and play in a safe environment. For example he can’t let his team train on a pitch covered in pot holes because it is dangerous and could cause injuries. He has a duty of care to follow to protect his athletes. It is also his responsibility to have the appropriate equipment and facilities as well as the health issues he will have to deal with. Issues such as, being aware of illness and injury and taking the appropriate precautions to ensure the care of the players. For example when Ronaldo was injured at the start of this season, even though he is the best player in the world and obviously he would be a big loss to the team, Ferguson has a duty of care to take care of him and not to let him play before he is properly ready because they need to win a particular game. Linford Christie It is his responsibility to make sure his athletes have a safe environment to train on and to make sure they are wearing the correct equipment for the training surface. For example, if an athlete turns up for training with only his running spikes and Christie has a road running session planned, he can’t let the athlete run on the concrete with running spikes on because it is dangerous. He would just have to adjust the session. He has to make sure his athletes aren’t over trained and make sure they have appropriate rest, especially before a competition so they can perform well and be successful. It is also his responsibility to be aware of any illness or injuries that means the athlete either can’t train at all or can only do certain things so training would have to be adjusted. Alex Ferguson and Linford Christie have the same health and safety responsibilities even though they coach different sports. They have to take health and safety precautions to ensure the safety of their athletes by preventing injuries because an athlete of a team of athletes can’t be successful if they cant participate in competition due to injury. Linford Christie has to be even more careful with his athletes because they are individual and if the athlete can’t perform they cant just be replaced like in Alex Ferguson’s team. Equal opportunities Alex Ferguson – Has to make sure he treats everyone fairly and gives everyone equal opportunities and pick his squad based on the player’s talent not on where they’re from or what they look like. It is his responsibility to pick a successful squad of the best players to win trophies and competitions. For example, Ferguson couldn’t refuse to pick someone from Brazil just because he doesn’t like them. Alex Ferguson doesn’t discriminate against anyone which is one of the reasons he has such a successful team, because he picks the best person for the job regardless. For example, his team comprises of people from all over the world including Anderson, Rafael and Fabio from Brazil, Ji Sung Park from Korea, Nemaja Vidic, Zoran Tosic and Adem Ljajic from Serbia and Patrice Evra from France. Linford Christie – It is also one of his responsibilities to give equal opportunities to any athlete that he coaches. He can’t discriminate against anyone, he just has to coach any athlete that he thinks he can have a positive effect on and help become successful. At the moment he is coaching Katharine Merry and Darren Campbell which proves he doesn’t discriminate against gender or race, he coaches who he thinks is going to be successful. Both of these coaches have a responsibility to give everyone equal opportunities by not discriminating against things such as age, gender or race. They have to treat everyone as equals and respect their rights. Skills Communication Alex Ferguson – It is important for Alex Ferguson to have good communication skills because he has to be able to get his coaching points across effectively. Alex Ferguson is a successful coach because he has very good communication skills and uses all the different types, including verbal and non verbal which includes things like hand signals, body language, eye contact and facial expressions. He is often standing at the side of the pitch shouting instructions and using hand signals to further get the point across. This type of communication can be important in a successful team performance like when he wants players to swap positions or change formation during the game. He also has to have good one on one communication skills to give feedback and advice to players. Linford Christie – It is important for him to have good communication skills so he can get coaching points across so the athletes understand it and it can help them improve their performance. Linford Christie has to have good one on one communication skills and the main type of communication he needs to use is verbal. An example of him using verbal communication with his athlete is when Darren Campbell came second in a race and Linford congratulated him, gave him some positive and negative feedback because he came second and maybe could have won but he explained that he was still proud of him and that he had done very well. It is important for every coach to have good communication skills to be successful coaches in any sport. They have to be able to interact with their athletes to be able to get a good understanding of them and therefore the best ways to coach them to get the best out of their athletes. Linford Christie has to focus more on one to one communication with his athletes individually whereas Alex Ferguson is more concerned with team dynamics and making sure they are ok individually so the team performs well. Both coaches use their communication skills effectively to get the best out of their athletes and to keep a high standard of performance. Organisation Alex Ferguson It is vital for him to have good organisation skills in order for his athlete’s to be able to train and play the best that they can. He has to have training sessions planned and set up before they are due to start and he has to employ people at the club that ensure everything to do with his athletes and their needs are sorted so all they have to worry about is training and winning games. For example, he has other coaches that help him with the sessions and people like a kit manager and other managers and administrators are employed to help things run smoothly. The coach has to be very well organised because he has many people working for him and they all have to be organised, where the players have to be and where has to be very well organised because Man United couldn’t turn up to a game half an hour late. Everything has to be on point when it comes to running one of the best football clubs in the world successfully. Linford Christie – He has to have good organisation skills especially when it comes to training programs, training sessions and competitions. Sprinters have all different kinds of training that they need to do to be successful and they need to have good balance and fit into the training program so that the athlete gets enough rest and recovery and isn’t over trained because this would have a negative effect on their performance. They have upper and lower body strength sessions, Plyometrics and power training as well as the obvious sprint training. For this to work well the coach has to be very well organised and have all of the sessions planned in advance and the athlete has to be at events on time and well prepared. Both of the coaches are similar because one of the skills that they have to possess to be successful sports coaches. They both have to plan and organise training sessions, they have to have good time management skills and make sure their players are where they need to be early so they have time to prepare for their competitions and perform their best. It is probably harder for Alex Ferguson because he has to organise an entire squad of players effectively.

Causes of The Juvenile Crime Rate Increase From 1990 To Present Essay

From 1990 to to the present there has been a sharp increase in juvenile crime across the United States. From 1996 to the present there has been a slight decline from the statistics in 1995(OJJDP). What was the cause for this uprise in juvenile delinquincy? I will discuss 2 different theories to why there was such an increase in juvenile crime rates. I will analyze the rise of the "Gangsta-Rap" culture in the early 1990's and how it may have affected teenagers that are in lower-income families. Many people believe that the increase in real life violence on television is a cause for violence in juveniles. I will discuss the evidence for this theory. It seems to me that the best theory to explain the rise in juvenile crime is the social constructionist theory. Different sub-cultures of teens have higher crime rates than others because of their interests, whether it be the music that they listen to or the types of television programs that they watched as child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early 1990's a new form of Hip-Hop music appeared in America known as Gangsta-Rap. This style of Hip-Hop had lyrics pertaining to killing police, gang warfare, guns, and robberies. This style of music perked interest in teenagers across the country. Song titles such as "F*ck the Police" gave laughter to teenagers in middle and upper class America, but for these rap artists, the lyrics they wrote were their way of life. The Gangsta-Rap culture came straight from the worst neighborhoods on the Pacific Coast of the United States, where this kind of lifestyle was led by 1000's of people stuck in the slums of America. Could the lyrics from these kind of songs promote violence in low income areas where teens look up to these Rap artists? Teenagers that grow up in neighborhoods that are considered low-income (more so in larger cities than suburban areas) have a very low amount of opportunities to leave these areas and become successful in life. Teens in these areas are looking for the easy way out. There isn't many legal ways of getting out of a slum and becoming successful. Teens in these areas are more likely to sell drugs and perform robberies to make money than hold a steady job. In essence, crime is already higher in low-income areas than it is in higher-income areas. When gangsta rap was introduced in the early 1990's, It became very popular with people facing the... ...ing at different clicks[hippies, punkers, and "gangsters" (There is no dominant term used for this group. It is the group deeply involved in rap music. They wear lots of gold jewelry, medallions, etc, and have their pants sagged low)]. I will perform a study of crimes, drug use, aggressiveness, and academic standings of the teens involved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many vital statistics will come out of these studies. These statistics can be used to study many different correlations between juveniles and crime. This knowledge can be used for future reference in the fight to lower juvenile crime rates and understand problems before they start.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Lefkowitz, Monroe M. 1977. Growing Up to be Violent: A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Aggression. New York: Pergamon. Wolfgang, Marvin E., Terence P Thornberry, Robert M. Figlio. 1987. From Boy to Man, from Delinquincy to Crime. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kolbert, Elizabeth. Dec 14,1994. Television Gets Closer Look as a Factor in Real Violence. New York Times, pp A1, D20. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquincy Prevention. [On-line]. Available: http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org./ojstatbb/qa253.html

Report of Influence Leadership on Apple Inc

Report of influence leadership on Apple Inc | May 5 2011 | This report shows market review, SWOT and PEST of Apple Inc as well as back ground of Steve Jobs- brilliant CEO. It also criticize and relate to leadership theories in his case. | | Contents Introductions3 Findings4 1. Products and services4 2. Market review5 Literature review10 Conclusions15 Recommendations15 References16 Introductions It is obvious to suggest that the success of  a  corporate brand  is based on  many factors  that  impact directly  or indirectly to  delivering the  decision  to build  that success. Human factors, especially  the role of leaderships and  their decision  are  prerequisite  to bring ‘a unique success’  in both  business and  brand reputation. According to Fortune magazine, Apple Inc is â€Å"The Most Admired Company† in the USA in 2010 and becomes a leader in technical rivalry in majority areas such as consumer electronics as well as software products [ (Magazine, 2011) ]. Its success based on creativity and innovation strategies, and a significant advantages which allows the company to occupy the leading positions in the world market is leadership of this Company , specially Steve Jobs- a visionary talents CEO. He has played an important role in the development of the computer company. However, this was also the problem of Apple because of lack of Steve Jobs such as when he got cancer leading to falling down Apple' stock price in the past. So that, The aim of this report will focus on affection of leadership on Apple and how leadership theories relate in this case. This report also shows market review of Apple Inc and recommends for this company . The report based on secondary research (public information on the internet, journals and literature review from books). Laterally, the research will evaluate the fact and key theories in specific circumstance- Apple Inc and Steve Jobs. Findings 1. Products and services In 1976, Apple was co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The Company specializes designs, manufactures, and markets consumer electronics products – personal computers, portable music players, mobile phones – as well as related software, services, and peripherals. Apple sells its products worldwide and provides support through its website . Additionally, Apple distributes digital entertainment content through its iTunes Store. While initially offering only music, the store has grown to include videos, television shows, films, and audio books. Apple's products and services include: * A range of personal computing products including desktop and portable computers. The Company’s desktop computers such as iMac ®, Mac ® Pro and Mac ® mini. Its portable computers include MacBook ®, MacBook ® Pro and MacBook Air ®. * iPod: The iPod was launched as a line of portable digital music players in 2001, a portable entertainment device capable of storing photos and playing video. iPhone: Released in June 2007, the iPhone marked Apple's entry into the rapidly growing Smartphone market. * In January 2010, introduced iPad, a multi-purpose mobile device for browsing the web, reading and sending email, viewing photos, watching videos†¦ etc * iTunes Store: in early 2001, iTunes is a digital media player application used to manage audio and video files. * Apple TV: Launched in 2007, the Apple TV is a dig ital media receiver designed to play content from an Internet media service or any computer running iTunes. AppleCare ® provides a range of support options for the Company’s customers, include assistance that is built into software products, printed and electronic product manuals, online support including comprehensive product information as well as technical aid, and the Apple Care Protection Plan (â€Å"APP†). * The Company offers a range of software products for consumers and creative customers, including the Company’s proprietary Mac OS X and iOS operating system software. Ipad2 Imac Iphone4 Macbook Pro 2. Market review The Company manages its business primarily on a geographic basis. Operating segments consist of the Americas, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific. In September 25, 2010, the Company had opened a total of 317 retail stores, including 233 stores in the U. S. A and 84 stores all over the world, approximately 44% of the Company’s total net sales in 2010 inside the USA. Also, the Company had nearly 46,600 full-time equivalent employees and 2,800 full-time equivalent temporary employees and contractors. It has worldwide annual net sales of $65. 225 billion in 2010. (Inc, 2011) Net sales and Gross margin of Apple Inc in 2008-2009-2010 ($ million) Net sales/ Revenue : during 2010 increased $22. 3 billion, or 52% compared with 2009. Overall, total net sales of Apple increases rapidly, specially in 2010. (Inc, 2011) Expenditure: $1. 8 billion, $1. 3 billion and $1. 1 billion in 2010, 2009 and 2008 to invest development of new innovative products, such as iPhone, iPod, iPad and Macbook. (Inc, 2011) Investment of Apple in 2008-2009-2010( percentage %) * PEST Analysis * Politics Different countries have different policies which some way restrict or give the company chances. The company has to act in accordance with the environment regulations such as environment safe disposal or recycling. Triad , NAFTA and other regions open doors to trade ,otherwise Latin America, Asia offer massive potential. Unstable politics caused terrorism activities are directly impacting the overall business of the company. * Social The growing of computer and internet usage all over the world which are opportunities to develop computer industry. Education issue is put first for new generation which is key element for business of the company. User becomes more knowledgeable and skilled about computer. Economic Impacting from economic crisis leading to low consumers spending, however some signs of improvement appears by increasing of spending and investment of consumers. Currency exchange rate fluctuations and international trade regulations (tariffs and antidumping penalties) may affect products sales. * Technology Advanced in technology quickly and consumers appreciate more ; more advances in their systems. The traditional desktop might become outdated by the entrance of new revolutionary products. Increasing demands for new technology in schools and professionals. * SWOT Analysis * Competitors SWOT and PEST analysis above showed overview criticism about Apple. The company has a good performance, however it also encounters aggressive competitors in all segments of its business. The markets for the Company’s products and services are highly competitive. Because the segments in which the Company competes are characterized by rapid technological advances, including personal computers with its Mac computers; mobile communications and media devices with its iPhone, iPad and iPod product families, and distribution of third-party digital content and applications with its online iTunes Store. For instance : * Personal computers segment: According to Fortune magazine, HP is ranked 2nd in list of World's most admired companies with score 7. 74 , HP's revenue is $126 billion in 2010. (Magazine, 2011) (HP, 2011) * Mobile communications segment: HTC- The world's largest maker of handset using Microsoft Corp. and Google Inc. operating systems. Its products use Google’s Android platform and   Windows Phone 7 software of  Microsoft. Revenue rose to NT$76 billion in third quarter 2010. Businessweek, 2011) * Software segment: Android, the free operating system developed by Google, accounted for a 32 percent share of the U. S. market for Smartphone bought in the past six months of 2010 according to August data from Nielsen Co. * Current and future trends Using Smartphone is increasing today( increased to 29 % in 2010, USA) (Roger Entner, 2011). A growing proportion of younger consumers opt to use their mobile contracts for all telecoms services. The focus of mobile indust ry will be on † platforms†, include operating systems ( iOS of Apple , Android of Google, and Microsoft's Window 7) . The combination of affordable data plan and increasing Smartphone usage would get more people online. Consumers are ready to spend more for their extra functionality, effective and fashionable products. Touch, eye, voice and possibly even brain controllers will be commonplace. It also is future trend for personal computers and portable music players. Literature review As mentioned above , Apple's success base on key point Steve Job- a brilliant CEO. Before analyzing influence of Steve Jobs on Apple and relate it with leadership theories, it is necessary to define leadership and its theories. Definition : Leadership is an interaction between two or members of a group that often involves structuring of the situation and the perceptions, expectation of members. Leaders are agent of change-person whose acts affect other people more than other people's act affect them. Leadership occurs when one group member modifies the motivation or competencies of others in the group. In fact, some peo ple are able to lead naturally while others, leadership skills are built up through hard work and practice. According to Stogdill's studies, there are 5 elements which modify effective leader traits : Capacity, Achievement, Responsibility, Participation, Status. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) In addition, 4 leader decision styles were classified include : Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire, Human relation. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Although, leader's success also depends on how they interact with various circumstances that influence the tasks to be undertaken. A range of researches was pointed out, however some popular theories have known( contingency theories). Firstly, The Fiedler contingency model-matching leader style and situational favorableness factors. It includes (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Task structure – the degree to which the duty are formalised and planned; Position power – the degree of influence a leader has over activities such as recruitment, authority, promotion and increasing salary; Leader-member relations – the degree of confidence, trust and respect inferiors have for the leader . Secondly, Hersey and Blanchard's (1996) situational leadership theory – matching leader behaviours to followers' needs. Based on combinations of the leader's task and relationship behaviours as moderated by the job maturity of followers. (Bloisi et al. , 2007). It includes: Task behaviours – organising and defining roles, structure, channel of communication; Relationship behaviours – relationship with inferiors by opening channel of communication and supporting. Thirdly, Path-goal theory ( House and Mitchell, 1974) : a leader should clarify goals, show acceptable paths for attaining goals, make the path easier to travel, and reward satisfactory performance. (Bloisi et al. , 2007). It includes: Directive leadership (highly task orientated)- provide guidance and how indentified performance standards and time schedules as well as policies; Achievement-orientated leadership (high task and relationship orientated) – challenge purpose is built up, seeks performance upgrading ; Participative leadership ( moderately task and highly relationship orientated ) – consulting with and soliciting the ideas of others in decision-making; Supportive leadership (highly relationship orientated) -concern for the needs and purposes of others and strives to make the work conditions satisfying and equitable. Additionally, there are 2 styles among several leadership styles which modify model of leaders. Firstly, Transactional leadership – using bureaucratic authority and incentives to motivate, focusing on rewards according to Bass theory. Secondly, Charismatic leadership – † heroic † leadership ; the ability to energize interiors through the use of symbols, visionary, stories and rhetoric to achieve at extraordinary levels, typically having a vision and a reason for the future , advanced by Weber (1947). Such information have demonstrated some traits and processes of leadership in an organisation. In fact , they are also traits which fit in Apple case. Its success story began in 1976, when Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniaks launched their own business, the Apple Computer Company, in Jobs' family garage. At that time, he was 21, then by the age of 25 , Jobs obsessed $165 million . The increase of Apple's success quickly which put the first landmark in his line of business. (Campbell, 2011) In 1985, he got out of the way of Apple when John Sculley , who came from Pepsi-Cola, had joined. Four years later, Jobs came back with another company, NextStep which achieved far away from the success of Apple but it recalled people that he would continued in his way. Later, he secondly started with his participation in Pixar- the animation company he purchased from the Star Wars director, George Lucas. The first success of Pixar is movie Toy Story which lead to its position as one of the key player in Hollywood, then launching movie Finding Nemo. Its success made Jobs a billionaire and prepared for his coming back Apple in 1997. Within one year , the ailing company was once more making huge profits. However, his journey didn't stop at that point. Since the combination of high-speed Internet and the music industry has opened a new segment for getting profit by downloading music . Jobs believe that iTunes is the answer. Additionally, Ipad2 is leader in digital book and tablet segment now. (Campbell, 2011) Steve Jobs is really an effective leader, an important person in development of Apple. In many way , his traits fit in charismatic leadership. Firstly, an ideology is showed clearly, often using labels and slogans, He offered a vivid and positive image of the future. For instance, he used the slogan as well as the iconic logo of the Mac team:† Pirates! Not the Navy â€Å"to build up Mac team( a group specializes design new products) (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 38). Being pirate, employees should think differently and act as revolution. His goal and passion are perfect products. He concerned about every details of products carefully until it was launched. This is an ideological image which he and his team follow, becomes a motivation in the whole company. By articulating an ideological vision and recruiting a number of talents who share the values of the vision, he develops the company. Secondly, he showed clear structure to reach his goal as well as increases positive values and suggest linkages between expected behaviors from interiors with his vision of the future. For example, he formed the Mac group would never raise more than a hundred people because it was easy to fall into the danger of free flowing of ideas, barriers of communication among employees. He had a plan to guarantee everyone has the same wavelength and the same direction, setting a standard of doing each task for each staff (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 38). He ordered the team to create a whole new prototype of the computer using different chip, the Motorola 68000, which featured a lager memory. Another case, he forced people do his direction by calling meetings, setting new paths, adding new people into Mac team to move the cursor with some kind of control device . It led to moving the cursors with the mouse , clicking o make collection, dragging a file or icon (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 15). That was the fundamentals of the way we use computers today. Also, he was always finding for something specific from each group to link the quality he wanted. He brought out the creative talent in several people and guided them to work in harmony as well as encouraged open discussion. These characters also fit with Task behaviors of Hersey and Blanchard theory and Task structure of Fielder theory. Because both theories are quite similar , they show clear structure and aim to lead employees follow. H In fact, effective leader does not rely on one leadership style to manage company. Transaction leadership style also contain in this case. He has focused on achieving the tasks at hand. Jobs has got things done by making, and fulfilling, promises of recognition, and advancement for employees who have performed well. By contrast, employees who do not do good work are penalized. This promise and reward for good performance, or threat and discipline for poor performance. For example, he set up product retreats into the actual work agenda, opening them every three months for the whole growing Mac team. Every member was expected to be present. One by one, each team manager for hard ware, soft ware, marketing, sales, finance, PR would present a brief status report and time line , explaining where they were in term of agenda. If their team was falling behind , they would be criticized and given some suggestions for how they could overcome (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 43). Everybody was free to give suggestions. Besides, he decided that the signatures of the engineering team members would be put on the inside of the case of the first Mac. It's also a gift or recognition from him to interiors. Another case, achievement- oriented leadership consist with his traits, he was always discovering imperfections in everything , from the design to the marketing and packaging , to how the product would be promoted and sold. He always asked: † At the first grade level† (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 21) . In a story, he had decided early on that the cell phone being developed at Apple would have only a single button but his engineers couldn't carry out , then, he kept demanding in effect : † The phone will have a single button. Figure it out† (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 23). By high demanding, we have iPhone 4 with only a single button today. In addition, he is autocratic decision style because he always gave duty for others and decided quickly. However, he is a relation behaviors and supportive leader. He focused on the slogan: † We are all in this together† by bringing people from different aspects to meet each others in celebrations and to make a satisfaction work place such as allowing to work free of usual restrictions (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 40). Apple would become known as a company that celebrated just about everything: meeting goal, sales growth, new product introduction, new key people. In 1981, Bandley Drive building , a part of the center was a large atrium (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 50). It had a piano, video games huge fridge stocked with bottles of fruit juice . It was quickly became a place for the employees to meet and hang out. Finally, his case consist with leader member relations theory. Because of all of his passion and actions , followers have a strong respect and trust to him. Talents would be attracted by talents, that is explanation for Why Apple attracted many genius engineers and developed nowadays. At last but not least, that is the innovation of Steve Jobs in the whole business context. Technologies which he developed and advanced in NextStep and Pixar were applied on Apple Inc. That is really a basic for Apple's success . He always plays an important role in making right decision as the statement about leader and manager : Leader do the right thing , manager do the thing right. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Conclusions Steve Jobs is criticized as an effective leader in the world. His famous and the well known of Apple remain together and will keep an important position in world trade. He is a part of success of Apple Inc and a leader in significant decision of development of his company. Understanding Apple Inc case and its market as well as an important leader- Steve Jobs will make us be aware of some traits of leadership in many theories deeply. His leadership style are : Task behaviors of Hersey and Blanchard theory and Task structure of Fielder theory, Charismatic leadership and Transaction leadership as well as Relation behaviors and Supportive leader. So that, it is realization that an successful leader always exists different leadership styles. Leaders always change their leadership style flexibility which is suitable for each task and each circumstance. Recommendations A part of the success of Apple based on Steve Jobs but it is dangerous if lack of this key leader. Besides, Job also shows that he is impatient person. So, it is considered seriously that Apple should give structure and motivation for employees as well as the whole company clearly and make it become tradition. Also, it is necessary to improve workplace such as improving workplace conditions in China and invest more in charity segment as Microsoft. It is useful to promote Apple's image. References Bloisi, W. , W. Cook, C. ; L. Hunsaker, P. , 2007. Leadership. In K. Reade, ed. Management and Organisational Behaviour. 2nd ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill Education. pp. 652- 672. Businessweek, B. , 2011. Boomberg. [Online] Available at: http://www. businessweek. com/news/2010-10-06/htc-posts-record-revenue-profit-on-android-phones. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Campbell, D. , 2011. Guardian. [Online] Available at: http://arts. uardian. co. uk/features/story/0,11710,1241745,00. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 38. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 21. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Stev e Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 23. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 40. Elliot, Jay; L. 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