Althussers Ideology :: Ideological State Apparatus, God

In the first half of his essay â€Å"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses†, Althusser says that, â€Å"the resistances of the exploited classes is able to find means and occasions to express itself there† (99), by which he means in the Ideological State Apparatuses. In the second half of the essay, Althusser argues there are places that can be found in the ISA that allow expression of the exploited class, but this expression is an illusion as they can only express themselves in terms of being subjects. Althusser separates the State Apparatus into two sections, one being the Repressive State Apparatus (RSA) and the other being the Ideological State Apparatus (ISA). The RSA encompasses things like the military, police and government, whereas the ISA contains things like education, religion and family. The RSA is fundamentally different from the ISAs for two reasons, the first being that the RSA is strictly in the public domain whereas the ISAs can exist in both the public and private domain. The second difference is that, â€Å"the Repressive State Apparatus functions ‘by violence’, whereas the Ideological State Apparatus functions ‘by ideology’†(97). Althusser qualifies this statement by saying that the RSA truly functions by both violence as well as ideology since no apparatus can function by one alone. Therefore, conversely, the ISAs function primarily by ideology and secondarily by violence, although most of this violence is usually internal to t he apparatus. Althusser ends his discussion of the distinction between the RSA and ISA by saying that, â€Å"the Ideological State Apparatuses may be not only the stake, but also the site of class struggle, and often of bitter forms of class struggle† (99). By this, Althusser means that it is inherently difficult to take the ISA’s from the â€Å"formal† ruling class since they can retain their roles for a longer period of time than being thrown out of power in the RSA. This also leads us back to the question at hand; how do the resistances of the exploited classes find means and occasions to express themselves in the ISAs? The occasions for expression come from ideology. For Althusser, ideology is, â€Å"conceived as a pure illusion, a pure dream, i.e. as nothingness. All its reality is external to it† (108). Althusser differs from Marx on who controls this reality. Marx argues that this illusion is controlled by those who are in power and is used to control those who are not in power.

Cultural studies of Organization communication Essay

According to Saran and Kalliny (2009), there are many theories which explain the organizational behavior relative to changes in the structures. Saran and Kalliny (2009, para. 4) continue to explain that there are many â€Å"variables potentially affecting the implementation process including corporate culture issues, such as formalization, decentralization, functional differentiation, leadership, job satisfaction and job involvement and organizational dynamic issues, such as resources and communication. † The review of literature about this topic focuses on these key areas by providing historical and contemporary issues that have been captured within the scope of this research. Communication is one of the most essential things that an organization requires to prosper in any market especially during turbulent business environments. Dubrin (1997) was of the opinion that communication is a very important aspect that unites all systems of the organization. Managers spend most of their time communicating with different stakeholders to create an efficient flow of activities. Knowledge management is very vital to managers since the efficient operation of any organization depends on how information is managed. The long term survival of any organization depends on the ability to manage information and knowledge for the efficient communication. People exchange, process and use information through the system of knowledge management (Bakan et al, n. d. ). Organizational structure defines the various divisions within an organization and establishes a system of coordinating the various resources for the achievement of the goals and objectives. Decision making process follows the structure of the organization to ensure all responsible individuals make the appropriate decisions. The managers create a system of collecting information and ideas from all stakeholders during the process of decision making to ensure all parties are included in the decisions of the organization. All the forces to the organization must be considered during the decision making process, that is, environmental forces, technological forces and the strategies being adopted by the organization. The restructuring process must ensure that the managers create systems which make maximum use of the resources available to the organization. The definition of tasks, allocation of different resources and the arrangement of resources as well as tasks should match the structure, goals and objectives of the organization. Organizational structure provides the systems to be followed during division of labor, when delegating authority and responsibilities, when establishing units of command, and the span of control. The structure of the organization defines the strategies to be adopted when delegating authority and responsibilities (Porter, 1985). The use of technology is encouraged in developing organizational structures which match the needs of an organization. The use of information communication technology has increased as the need for efficiency in both private and public corporations intensifies. Technology helps people learn about the use of better knowledge about improving their systems. Good governance in organization requires the establishment of a clear organizational hierarchy to define the roles of each individual involved in the activities of the organization (Wade, 2002). The use of technology has been encouraged by many organizations to adjust the existing structures to fit new strategies that are required for improved performance. When new technologies are adopted, the management must introduce other structures to ensure their implementation takes place efficiently. The people working in an organization need to be educated and persuaded about the new technologies being adopted by the organization to ensure they utilize them for the benefits of all stakeholders (Evan & Black, 1967). The technology must be relevant to the goals and objectives of the organization. The organizational factors must be well studied and analyzed to introduce a better system which is in line with all systems of the organization. Increase in technological innovation has attracted much attention especially due to the existence of scarce resources within the organization. Managers reshuffle the workers in their organization as well as creating other structures to ensure the organization adopts the new technologies being introduced (Rogers, 1995). Saran and Kalliny (2009) are of the opinion that implementing new technologies is complex and involves uncertainty. The uncertainty brings about conflicts between different stakeholders of the organization due to the new structures introduced. The uncertainty may create resistance from the people involved in the activities of the organization. The management must conduct adequate research about the best strategies to implement the technologies to ensure minimum resistance emanates from the individuals working in the organization (Rogers, 1995). However, Gill (2003, pg. 316) identified that many organizations do not conduct adequate research before implementing their new technologies and this has led to â€Å"low success rate, given the importance of the same in a very dynamic and ever changing business environment, where customers not only demand new products and services but also newness in the product offering. † Implementing new technologies requires introducing changes within the structure of the organization and behavior change is essential to ensure all stakeholders readily accept the new ideas. Behavior change is difficult where there is uncertainty about the technologies to be adopted. This may hinder implementation of the innovations. Organizations take a longer period to adapt to new changes compared to individuals. Fariborz (1991) suggested that the revolution in technology being observed today requires organizations to integrate the variables of the organization with implementation strategies. He continued to explain that technologies are the main vehicles of change and that individual, organizational and environmental factors affect the implementation of many technologies and innovations. Accepting change is the basis of introducing new technologies within the organization (Saran & Kalliny, 2009). For an organization to adapt to new technologies there is need to link the organization to the appropriate technologies which match the structures within the system. The innovations and technologies adapt to the organizational and industrial structures with time and the management must be patient enough to allow the new systems become incorporated into the processes of the organization (Van De Ven, 1986). There is a learning process involved in the adoption of new strategies. The old systems must be done away with to ensure the people do not revert to them. The culture of the organization should be adjusted to accommodate the new changes. Changing the culture requires changing the attitudes and values of the people involved in the activities of the organization. Changing the culture is not an easy thing and many people will become opposed to these strategies since there are gains and losses to many people when new systems are introduced. The culture of an organization defines the values, norms, and attitudes that people have. The management must create structures which match the culture of the organization. The culture determines the best strategies to be adopted by the people working in an organization. The managers have a responsibility to establish a culture which suits the needs of the workers and other stakeholders of the organization (Bridges, 1991). The implementation of innovations and technologies requires a process to ensure all the stakeholders respond to the new systems successfully. The process starts from acquiring knowledge about the new systems, forming attitude about it, adopting or rejecting the new decisions, implementing and confirmation. Until the decisions are implemented, all activities prior to this involve mental processes. The installation of the ideas into real sustainable process is the final stage which determines the success of the management to implement its strategies (Pierce and Delbecq, 1977). Corporate restructuring allows the managers bring changes within the organization to accommodate new and better structures which improve the performance of an organization. The need to globalize domestic markets has forced many organizations to adopt better structures to create new market opportunities, overcome threats from organizations and diffuse models of business that relate to globalization. To improve the costs and revenue structures of the organization, managers have developed variety of objectives to ensure all aspects of management are captured (Jones, 2002). Formalization within the organizational structure provides the procedures to be observed when conducting the various activities by the individuals working in the organization. Organizational hierarchy describes the jobs and the amount of freedom provided to the stakeholders of the organization (Cohn & Turyn, 1980). For the effective adoption and implementation of new technologies, the formal structures must be followed when performing duties within the organization. All systems of the organization should be properly coordinated to ensure the implementation of the new ideas is successful (Kim, 1980). Formal procedures are introduced within the organization to reduce stress which may originate from confusion that occurs when systems are not properly coordinated. Formal structures provide the lower level employees of the organization with equal opportunities to avoid discretion in the allocation of duties and rewards. The planning process requires the management to create a properly coordinated system that will bring about successful implementation of new technologies (Zaltman, Duncan & Holbek, 1973). The use of communication is expressed in the organizational hierarchy where formal communication procedures are established. All people must adhere to the communication structures that the management has established for effective operation of activities. The organizational chart provides the flow of authority, information and other resources. The managers restructure the organizational structure as need arises and provide new roles to different individuals. Restructuring the organization requires creating a proper system so that all individuals can adjust accordingly (Bakan et al n. d. ; Porter, 1985). The global recession that affected all global economies in the world forced many organizations to adopt new strategies to improve their performance as well as ensure the corporate survival in the global markets. Many organizations have restructured their systems to adapt to the new changes brought about by the effects of the recession. To reduce the increasing costs of production, managers are adopting a downsizing strategy (Harman, 2009). The reduction in sales volume in the global markets provides managers with the decision to create better systems and structures which improve the image of the organization in the global markets (Dewar and Dutton, 1986). Hitt et al (1994) established that over the last two decades, many organizations have carried out extensive re-structuring process to cope with the changing global markets. The media and communications industry has been characterized by increasing competition in both local and global markets. Organizations need to restructure their activities to accommodate the changes in the global markets. Gregory (1999) provides that â€Å"corporate downsizing has been implemented by a large number of American firms in an effort to become more flexible and responsive to increased competition. † The strategy to down size many organizations have not been responsive to the strategy of reducing the costs of production. The impacts of downsizing upon the employees of these companies have been worse. Cases of stress among the remaining employees have been reported by organizations which have used downsizing as a strategy to restructure their systems. Other negative impacts related to downsizing are reduction in career opportunities and reduction in the loyalty to the company by the employees. The loss of very important employees is another risk associated with downsizing organizations (Hitt et al 1994). Decentralization of authority is an important aspect when implementing better hierarchies which ensure the organization is successful in its efforts to create a better structure. Decentralization allows all members of the organization to participate in the decision making process. Employees are able to translate the decisions made by their managers into specific plans of actions. For effective communication, the management should introduce a decentralized system to ensure all members of the organization contribute towards the activities of the organization. Decentralization ensures that all decisions are implemented successfully by establishing different work centers where different individuals can contribute their ideas. Workers are ready to own decisions when they participate in the decision making as well as implementation process (Jones and Jennifer, 2003). Proper leadership strategies within the organization should be adopted when implementing the new technologies. Leadership refers to the ability of the management to influence the subordinates to contribute willingly to the goals of the organization. The managers should have the skills of influencing others to accept the new structures for the success of the organization. Managing change within the organization requires proper leadership skills so that the managers can influence their followers about developing new behaviors to adapt to the new systems of the organization (Robbins, 1998). To ensure the employees accept the new technologies, the management should ensure the employees are satisfied in the jobs assigned to them. Job satisfaction creates the willingness to perform duties without being forced and motivates the employees to improve their performance (Herzberg, Mausner and Synderman, 1959). Functional differentiation allows the management to introduce better systems within the organization. Kimberly and Evansisko (1981, pg. 693) define functional differentiation as a process â€Å"which represents the extent to which an organization is divided into different units, normally measured by the different number of units under the top management. † The extent to which an organization differentiations its structures determines the success in implementing technologies. The communication process is made efficient by a high differentiation of the processes. The top management has the role of ensuring all employees comply with the established rules for the efficient operation of the differentiated units of the organization (Baldridge and Burnham, 1975). To ensure employees are satisfied by the various duties assigned to them, the management should differentiate the organizations units and allocate jobs according to the skills and experience of the individual employees. The use of technology in different units should ensure that the subordinates are allocated the appropriate units to avoid conflicts (Ahls, 2001). Bibliography Ahls, B. , 2001. Organizational behavior: A model for cultural change. Ind. Manage. , 43: 6-9. Bakan, I. , Tasliyan, M, Buyukbese, T. , Eraslan, I. H & Coskun, M (n. d. ). Organizational communications: the role of information technology (it). Retrieved 5 June 2010 from; Baldridge, J. and R. Burnham, (1975). Organizational innovation: Individual, organizational and environmental impacts. Admin. Sci. Q. , 20: 165-176. Bridges, W. , 1991. Managing Transitions: Making the Most of Change. 1st Edn. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. , Massachusetts. Cohn, S. F. and R. M. Turyn, (1980). The structure of a firm and the adoption of process innovations. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. , 27: 98-102. Dewar, R. D. and J. E. Dutton, (1986). The adoption of radical and incremental innovations: An empirical analysis. Manage. Sci. , 32: 1422-1433. Dubrin, A. J. (1997). Essentials of management, South-Western College Publishing, Ohio. Evan, W. M. and G. Black, (1967). Innovation in business organizations: Some factors associated with success or failure of staff proposals. J. Business, 40: 516-530. Fariborz, D. , (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Acad. Manage. J. , 34: 555-590. Gill, R. , (2003). Change management-or change leadership? J. Change Manage. , 3: 307-318. Harman, Chris Zombie (2009). Capitalism: Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx / London: Bookmarks Publications. ISBN 9781905192533 Herzberg, F. , B. Mausner and B. B. Synderman, (1959). The Motivation to Work. 1st Edn Wiley, New York. Hitt, Michael A. , Barbara W. Keats, Herbert F. Harback, and Robert D. Nixon (1994). Rightsizing: Building and Maintaining Strategic Leadership and Long-Term Competitiveness, Organizational Dynamics, 23:2, 18-32 Gregory, Jannifer (1999). â€Å"Encouraging Organizational Learning Through Pay after a Corporate Downsizing†. M@n@gement, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 163-181. Jones, Marc T. (17 Apr 2002). Globalization and organizational restructuring: A strategic perspective. Thunderbird International Business Review, Volume 44, Issue 3 (p 325-351). Jones, R. G. and M. G. Jennifer, 2003. Contemporary Management. 1st Edn. McGraw-Hill, Irwin, California. Kim, L. , 1980. Organizational innovation and structure. J. Business Res. , 8: 225-245. Kimberly, J. R. and M. J. Evansisko, (1981). Organizational innovation: The influence of individual, organizational and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations. Acad. Manage. J. , 24: 689-713. Pierce, J. L. and A. L. Delbecq, (1977). Organization structure individual attitudes and innovation. Acad. Manage. Rev. , 2: 27-37. Porter, M. E. , 1985. Competitive Advantage. 1st Edn. Free Press, New York. Robbins, S. P. , 1998. Organizational Behavior. 1st Edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Rogers, E. M. , 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. 3rd Edn. , Free Press, New York. Saran, A. , L. Serviere & M. Kalliny, (2009). Corporate culture, organizational dynamics and

Conditions for Equilibrium - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1790 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction When we say equilibrium, it is a state of balance. It is a condition where there is no change in the state of motion of a body. Equilibrium also may be at rest or moving within a constant velocity. A simple mechanical body is said to be in equilibrium if no part of it is accelerating, unless it is disturbed by an outside force. Two conditions for equilibrium are that the net force acting on the object is zero, and the net torque acting on the object is zero. Thus, the following objectives were emphasized in this experiment: to determine the equilibrant force using the force table and the component method, to determine the unknown forces using the first condition and second conditions for equilibrium, to locate the centre of gravity of a composite body, and to demonstrate rational equilibrium. 2. Theory Equilibrant is equal in magnitude to the resultant but oppositely directed. The first condition of equilibrium is when a body at rest or moving with uniform velocity has zero acceleration. The center of Gravity is the point where the weight of a body is assumed concentrate. The second condition of equilibrium is satisfied when the sum of all torques acting on an object about any axis equals zero. In activity 1, TA or the tension acting on the string is the weight of the pan A plus the weight added to it and multiplied to 9. 8 m/s2 TB or the tension acting on the string is the weight of the pan B plus the weight added to it and multiplied to 9. 8 m/s2 Experimental Equilibrant is the weight of the pan A plus the weight added to it. Theoretical Equilibrant= % Error = Exp. – Theoretical X 100 Theoretical In activity 2, the equation T1 T2 cos ? = 0 was used. From the equation, was derived to get the value of T2 where, T1 is the reading on the spring scale when the pin is exactly at the middle of the ring ? is the angle of the string makes with the horizontal Experimental Weight = T2 sin ? Theoretical Weight= % Error = Exp. â₠¬â€œ Theoretical X 100 Theoretical In activity 3, to check the results, the actual computation of center of gravity was used. Where XC and YC are the coordinates of the center of gravity of the circle, XS and YS are the coordinates of the center of gravity of the square, and are the coordinates of the center of gravity of the composite figure. In activity 4, the equation was used, where, X1 is the length of the cylinder used X2 is the length of the center of gravity of the cylinder. And X3 is the length of the cylinder minus the 5. 0 cm. 3. Methodology There are 4 different kinds of activity in the experiment to determine the conditions for equilibrium. The materials used were the following: Force table and accessories, force board, cylinder of unknown weight, spring scale, electronic gram balance, card board, aluminum bar, cylinder of unknown weight, and protractor. For activity 1, the group used a force table, its three pans and accessories. The three pans were weighed and l abeled as A, B and C. Pan A was hung at 30 degree mark and a 100g was placed on it whereas on pan B a150 g was placed and was hung at 200 degree mark. The group balanced the two tensions in the strings by placing weight on the pan C or adjusting its position in the force table to obtain the magnitude and position of the equilibrant. The theoretical equilibrant of the two tensions was solved using the component method. The group then computed the % error using the values obtained by the component method as your accepted value for magnitude as well as direction. Figure 1: Set-up for activity 1 For activity 2, a cylinder of unknown weight was suspended on the force board by means of two strings. A spring scale was then attached to one of the strings. One member of the group pulled the string horizontally until the pin was exactly at the middle of the ring. The reading on the spring scale was recorded as T1. Another member of the group measured the angle that the other string makes w ith the horizontal and solved for the tension T2 of the other spring and the weight of a cylinder. Percent error was computed after. For activity 3, the group used a circle of diameter 10cm and a square of side 10 cm from the card board. The circle and the square was weighed and recorded as Wc and Ws. The group determined the center of gravity of the composite figure by using the balancing method and composite method. In balancing method, a pen was placed in the middle of the composite figure wherein the plumb method, the group used a string with a coin at the end then hung it from any point and measured where it intersects on the composite figure. Figure 2: Balancing Method Figure 3: Plumbing Method For activity 4, the group first located the center of gravity of the aluminum bar by balancing it on a pencil. The cylinder used in activity 2 was hung 5. 0 cm from one end of the bar. Using the force board, the aluminum bar was supported by means of a spring scale on the end and a string on the other end until the bar assumes a horizontal position. The group used the second condition for equilibrium to determine the weight of the bar and the tension in the string. Percent error was also computed. Figure 4: Set-up for Activity 4 4. Results and Discussion Activity 1 TensionsMagnitude (N)Position( °) TA1. 310530 ° TB1. 7962200 ° Experimental Equilibrant0. 6241360 ° Theoretical Equilibrant0. 5545356 ° % Error13% Table 1: Results of Activity 1 Table 1 shows the magnitude and the positions of the equilibrants and the tensions acting on the pans. The theoretical equilibrant of the two tensions was solved using the component method. The % error was computed using the values obtained by the component method as the accepted value for magnitude and the direction. Some factors that contributed the 13% error in this activity were the accuracy of the force table and its accessories used. Activity 2 T1 (N)63 N ? ( °)44 ° T2 (N)8. 7 N Experimental Weigh t (N)6 N Theoretical Weight (N)6. 3 N % Error13. 2 % Free Body Diagram of ring Table 2: Results of Activity 2 Table 2 shows the different unknown forces acting on the cylinder using the first condition for equilibrium. Some factors that contributed the 13. 2% error in this activity were the accuracy of the spring scale used and the pulling of the string horizontally. Activity 3 Weight of Square= 8. 36 g Weight of Circle= 6. 94 g MethodCenter of Gravity X coordinateY – coordinate Plumb line Method105. Balancing Method9. 554. 5 Computation9. 545 Table 3: Results of Activity 3 Table 3 shows the x and y coordinates of the center of gravity of the component figure using plumb line method, balancing method and the actual computation. In balancing method, a pen was placed in the middle of the composite figure wherein the plumb method, the group used a string with a coin at the end then hung it from any point and measured where it intersects on the composite figure. The actual compu tation was written in the manual. Activity 4 Reading of Spring Scale (N)5 N Weight of cylinder (N)5. 3238 N Experimental Weight of bar(N)0. 7418 N Theoretical Weight of bar(N)0. 7977 N % Error7 % Free Body Diagram of bar Table 4: Results of Activity 4 Table 4 shows the different unknown forces acting on the bar using the second condition for equilibrium. One factor that contributed the 7% error was due to the person holding the string at one end to make the cylinder bar in horizontal position 5. Conclusion Different activities in this experiment were accomplished to understand more about the conditions for equilibrium. Based from the results obtained by the group in the different activities, the group was able to determine the equilibrant force by using the force table and the component method. The unknown forces using the first and second conditions for equilibrium were determined. Using the square and circle figure, the center of gravity of a composite body was located. Rota tional equilibrium was demonstrated because the sum of all of the torques equals zero 6. Application 1. State the first condition for equilibrium. If a body is in equilibrium, are there no forces acting on it? Equilibrium means the sum of all forces in all directions is equal to zero. It doesn’t mean that there are no forces acting on it. It just means that the forces that are acting on it are equal and opposite. 2. The Russell Traction system is used for a fractured femur. Identify the forces acting on the femur. If the weight hang is 5. 0 kg, find the force needed to immobilize the femur. What will supply this force? 3. What happens to the center of gravity of a person under the following situations? A. ) His upper right extremity is amputated. B. ) He carries all his books using the right arm only. )When ones upper right extremity is amputated, the center of gravity of the person would lean towards the right part of the body since the gravitational force on the remainin g arm will push the center of gravity towards the right. b)When a person carries his books using only his right arm, the pull of gravity on the book would push the center of gravity of the body towards the left. 4. Devise a way by which you could determine your center of gravity. If the object is irregular in shape, the center of mass is always located closer to the more massive end. Use felt pens to outline your partners body on a piece of butcher paper. Determine your partners approximate center of gravity by carefully cutting out the human outline and balancing it on your finger. Mark the center of gravity on your partners body with a piece of tape. Get a six foot piece of butcher paper and tape it to a flat wall. Outline your partners entire body while he is standing evenly on two feet. Mark their approximate center. Another way is to lie horizontally across the arm of a couch. The point where you are balanced is your center of gravity. 5. In general, the women’s cente rs of gravity tend to be lower than men’s. Can you explain why? Women’s centers of gravity tend to be lower than men’s because women have a bigger pelvis area. The skeletal structure of women make it so that their pelvis is bigger, since they will need the extra support come the time that they become pregnant, and their bodies support a baby. This means that the lower body of women is generally heavier in comparison to their whole body, as opposed to the lower body of men. This would make the center of gravity of women slightly lower, because more of their body mass is concentrated at the lower portion of their body. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Conditions for Equilibrium" essay for you Create order

The Current Rating System in the United States Essay

English 122 12-1-11 The Current Rating System in the United States The current content rating system in use for film, the MPAA, is the only content rating system that is legally enforced in the United States. For this reason, the system has caused controversy. Many have claimed that the system is unbalanced, as the MPAA bases the level of appropriate content for all people in the United States off of the opinions of an unidentified council of people over the age of forty (Jenkins). The stance on how the system’s effectiveness is a relative stance, however, the secondhand effects of the system are obvious and existing today. Decisions have been made by film distribution companies that have affected the way films with objectionable†¦show more content†¦This type of butterfly effect that the rating system has on films is evident: the attempt to block off certain age limits to harsh types of content has ultimately put pressure on artists to limit types of ways to tell a story in mainstream film. In the interview with filmmaker Kirby Dick on this subject, the interviewer asks him about the topic of sexuality in film, MPAA’s stance on sexuality, and how Dick represented these ideas presented in his film. Dick stated, Allison Anders makes the very interesting point that in some ways the ratings system is more restrictive of sexuality now than it was in the Sixties and Seventies. I think there are a number of reasons. Perhaps to some degree society has shifted slightly. Film studios were making some money from films that were more sexually provocative, like Midnight Cowboy. But, then again, you have to realize that the studios benefit from the systems coming down hard on films, especially on independent films about adult sexuality. To begin with, who makes those films? Independents and foreign filmmakers make those films, and thats the studios competition. So they restrict it. Its not much competition, but it does make a difference. Jt also makes it appear like the Rating Jioard is doing its job as censors, as raters, doing their job, and doesnt pay attention to the fact that all these films about violence are slipping through unencumbered by a rating. And the studio filmmakers are keptShow MoreRel atedPerformance of a Hybrid Vehicle Compared to a Gasoline Vehicle: Ford Fusion 2013 SE1139 Words   |  5 Pagesgasoline American car with an internal combustion engine was built and since that year until the late 18th century electric vehicles were introduced in the United States. 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Without a say in this fiscal burden being passed to them, the lack of a balanced budget is in effect, taxation without representation on future Americans. My proposed amendment to the United States Constitution would create a requirement for a balanced national budget each year

Taking a Look at Islamic Architecture - 1006 Words

Definition of Islamic Architecture Islamic architecture is defined as building traditions of Muslim populations of the Middle East and any countries where Islam had been dominated from the 7th century. History of Islamic Architecture In 630C.E the city of Mecca was re-conquered by Muhammad’s army from the Banu Quraish tribe. Before Muhammad’s death they began rebuilding the holy ka’ba and rededicated it to Islam in 632C.E by a shipwrecked Abyssinian carpenter in his native style. Then in the 7th century the number of people joining Islam increased tremendously, so they needed a place to worship God in, they needed a mosque. The simple layout provided to them was the same layout as the prophet’s house. Actually till now mosques are built in the same way. The first Islamic buildings were built by Greek architects who were living in the area when Arabs conquered it and that’s why the building look a lot a like the Romans Empire buildings. Early Islamic religious architecture, exemplified by Dome of the Rock (ad 691) in Jerusalem. It was highlighted by a large dome center stage and decorated with vivid patterns along the walls. Another example would be the great mosque in Damascus w hich had influences from both the hypostyle design which contains several rows of columns that hold together a flat base beneath a swirly minaret.. These two premium examples of Islamic architecture are both highly valued for their rich history and resemblance to the time of their existence. TypesShow MoreRelatedReflection1560 Words   |  7 PagesMaryam Bhurgri Professor Thurtle CHID 390 May 20th, 2017 A world entirely designed for one perspective. What happens when you’re the odd one out? When the very architecture of the world around you seems to laugh at you, the buildings loom over you, while the walls of each room close in on your very being. Yet there are spaces that inspire healing, that transcend the bounds of our everyday life. 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Australian Auditing & Assurance Services ASX Category

Question: Describe about the Australian Auditing Assurance Services for ASX Category. Answer: Introduction The present article is to emphasize on the issues auditing service and assurance of any company of ASX listed category. This article will emphasize on the role of auditors to the domain of public notification about the financial health of the company along with the stakeholders to make them aware about the present situation as well as the comparison of the financial statement of the company to conclude the financial health with growth prospect of the company. The role of auditor is like watchdog to find the loopholes along with the shortcomings of the company in different financial activities and assess the risks related to financial performance of the company. The company selected for this purpose is Telstra which is the giant in telecom industry in Australia. The company is proving its activities in the arena with supremacy and dictating the market with stiff competition faced from the other companies like Vodafone and Optus, to name a few. The job of the auditor is to find out the risks related to the company with specification of different financial elements like revenue with its source and the competitor analysis(Asx, 2015). So far the activity of audit is concerned; it has high value of ethics, professionalism, legal and regulatory aspects to comply with the state and federal taxes, the obligatory part to the stakeholders to make them aware of the position of the company along with the compliance related to ASX formalities. In this article we will look into the factors of different financial operations and elements along with the detection of risk for Telstra(Capitalcube, 2016). Sources of Revenue of Telstra As per the financial report of the company, the following analysis had been found which are taken from the excerpts of the financial report of 2015. It is observed that the major heads of Telstra revenue is originated from Telstra retail which is contributing 60% of the total revenue, while other heads of revenue contributes to the balance amount which is consisting of global enterprise and services contributing to around 20%, Telstra operation is contributing around 10% and Telstra wholesale contributes around 1% to the total revenue. It is also observed that the income from the shareholding of Sensis had yielded $ 552 million in the year 2014. It is observed that the total revenue is declined by 1% in 2015 in respect of 2014(Molinsky, 2016). Analysis of Revenue- Telstra Corporation Ltd. Heading of Revenue F Y 2015 F Y 2014 Variance contribution to total revenue $ million $ million 2015 2014 Telstra Retail 17,252 16,383 5 65 61 Global Enterprise and Services 5,674 5,257 8 21 20 Telstra Operation 2,586 2,328 11 10 9 Telstra Wholesale 424 289 47 2 1 Other ( excluding Sensis) 671 2,039 (67) 3 8 Total Telstra Segment (excluding Sensis) 26,607 26,296 1 100 98 Other - Sensis 552 N/A - 2 Total Telstra Segment 26,607 26,848 (1) The respective pictorial representation is shown below in the chart form:- With the above spreadsheet and the chart, it is evident that the company is growing in its different sector of revenue generation with the substantial increase in Telstra core sector revenue generating aspects like Telstra retail with 5%, global enterprise and services with 8%, Telstra Operation with 11%, Telstra wholesale with 47% while other source of revenue had de-growth with 67% and total Telstra segment excluding Sensis with the increase of 1% over 2014 in 2015. The revenue generated from Sensis was 552 million $ in 2014 which is not featured in 2015. The component of revenue generation in totality had shown de-growth in 2015 of 1% which is mainly due to the non-existence of Sensis in 2015 as a revenue generation component(Telstra, 2016). Major services rendered by Telstra The target audience of Telstra in Australia has high level of expectation from the company. As they are the leading telecom service provider of the country, the company is enjoying 41% of the market share so far serving the customers with their varied level of telecom products. As per the latest finalized financial report of 30the June, 2015, the revenue section of the company is consisting of different domestic and international services. The company is mainly involved in Telstra Retail which is yielding around 60% of the total revenue of the company in the domestic market of Australia. The other components are contributing to revenue of the company but without much significance. The overseas business is covered in the segment of Global Enterprise and Services which is contributing around 20% of the total revenue of the company(Telstra, 2015). Competition and Market Share The company is facing major competition from two companies in the domestic market- Vodafone and Optus. Telstra is enjoying majority of the market share by holding around 41% of the telecom services market of the domestic market of Australia. The below chart can give clear idea of the holding of market share for the F Y 2015 and 2016 end June so far Australian domestic market related to telecom service is concerned(Budde, 2015). Competition in Australian telecom Industries Company Name Total Market June 2015 Total Market June 2016 Telstra 40 42 Optus 21 22 Vodafone 16 15 Virgin 6 5 Boost 1 1 amaysim/Vaya 4 5 ALDI 2 2 TPG/iiNet 3 3 Other MVNOS 6 6 total 100 100 From the chart it is evident that the main shareholder of the market of Australian telecom industry is Telstra who is followed by Optus and Vodafone. With the stiff competition faced in the market, Vodafone is gradually loosing control of market share to Telstra and Optus. The other competitors are other survivors in the market namely Virgin, Boost Amaysim/Vaya, ALDI, TPG/iinet and other service providers, from the recent analysis, it is evident that Telstra is maintain the overall control and supremacy of the market of telecom services in Australia. The below bar diagram can also depict the same (Accc, 2016). With the above analysis, it is evident that Telstra has brand loyal customers in Australia who contribute to the overall performance of the company. The level of services maintained by the company made it possible to satisfy the target audience and this is the inherent reason for the overall growth of the company in the sector of telecom services in Australia(Kidman, 2016). PEST Analysis of Telstra PEST analysis is the analysis of any organization to find out the political, economical, social and technological aspects to find out its implication in the stakeholders interests and accordingly plan the strategic steps to ensure the sustainability of business or activities of such organization. The analysis can emphasize on the facts of the company with the actions which they initiate to keep balance of the aspects to make the company viable in domestic and global arena to ensure future business of the company with keeping the stakeholders interest on high priority(Hopq, 2015). Political The company is possessing presence in both domestic market of Australia and global market in the sector of telecom industries. To run the business, the company has to find the stability of the government with keeping an eye on the expected future changes of the government and the legislation of the country. The political aspect is mainly conferred the to the business law prevailing in the country concerned. The compliance of the same is to be met by the company on top priority. The government of Australia has implied the business law with strict compliance on competition restriction which ensures the stable business policy of the country and leaves no such scopes to make the business ambience of the country in volatile position. The regulatory bodies of the country are running their operation in transparency and this makes the job of the company to run the show with ease and proficiency. Both the provincial and the country government are keen to help the business grow in the steady p olitical situation which is enhanced by the easy and flawless application of the legislation in the country in different segments of governmental operation(Telstra, 2013). Economic So far the economic analysis of Telstra is concerned; the company is confirming high level of growth with their different sectors of operation. Moreover the company possesses the giant share of the market in the telecom industry of Australia. It enhances the revenue level of the company with the subsequent profit margin of the company to ensure the sustainability of existence of Telstra with the stakeholders. The market of telecom industries grows in regular rate both in global and domestic market. It is also observed that the company yields good profit margin and that makes the shareholders of the company in comfortable situation. So far the statutory compliance related to provincial and country government, the company maintains the highest level accuracy prioritizing this issue on to brace of the objectives of the company. This business has no season, in fact this business runs through the entire season and being the market leader, Telstra is well placed in comfortable position wit h further strive for excellence from the launch pad where they stands now(Nguyen, 2014). Social So far social analysis is concerned; the company stands responsible to the society with their different activities which ensure the CSR of the company. The company initiated different steps in the area of corporate social responsibilities through which they can justify their stands in the social aspect. The main market of this company is the domestic company of Australia which has population of mixed demography and everybody needs this service to sustain in modern life. Media reports say that the company is well placed so far its existence is concerned which is ensured through the high level of deliverance of service by the company to the target audience. The company runs with honoring the ethical values of the business by not violating the Competition Law of Australian Business Law in the areas of prices and other commercial activities with the assurance of non violation of such laws(Continuum, 2011). Technological The technological analysis of Telstra shows the high level of application of most sophisticated technology related to the field of operation of telecom service business. The global adaptability of telecom industry grows in faster pace and it is the basic requirement of the company to be at par with the trend and with the constant strive to excel in the field. The company is maintaining good research and developmental work which normally adds value to the performance of the company in high level to enable them to be placed at first spot of the Australian Telecom Service Industry. The company is ready to adopt the latest technologies evolved and marketed by other leaders globally and with the proper evaluation and utilization of the same, the company is holding the position of market leader in Australia so far telecom service industry is concerned(Hopq, 2015). Risk areas Operational Risks The risk area of the company is the business itself. As the company is dealing with telecom service, it needs huge involvement of high level and most sophisticated technology which originates from the expertise of the human resource. Moreover the retention of efficient and expert human resources is the most important issue, failing which the company may face huge threat towards sustainability. This business is dynamic with the trend of growth which is depending upon the regular increase of network traffic powered with the continuous evolution of technologies and new markets. These specific trends is contributing to different risks which is posing challenges for accomplishment of strategic objectives of the company which includes the ambitious growth plan followed by future monetary activities. There different risk factors which can dominate the business of Telstra and these are defined as material risks which includes the material exposure related to economy, environment and society so far the sustainability risks are concerned. It is the challenge of the company to minimize those risks. There is no such clear demarcation of this risks as per significance as they are not encompassing. Instead the reflection of most major risks is identified mainly in the level of whole entity through risk management process of the company and the same is set out in the corporate governance of Telstra segment. The risk such identified by the management is being non-responsive to the development of technology and market level through the exercise of cost effective and productive way. The exposure of this risk is enhancing day by day due to changed market position which includes geared-up advancement of technology which is instrumental for the gradual increment of expectation of customers with relevant performance of the company. The role of competitor cant be denied with negative approach followed by simpler models of business which is prevalent in both domestic and international markets. The risk of disruptive services may ha ppen due to environmental reason related natural calamity which cant be acceptable to the customers at any point of time due to the nature of service provided by the company(Telstra, 2016). Potential impact of audit risks The audit risks are three types- inherent, control and detection risks. The company with its financial statements prevails that the inherent risk of material misstatement due to omission or error may be there as the entry level work is made by human being. Due to its complex nature of business, the probability of such risks always prevails. The company has high level of control in the financial operations and the risk related to control raising material misstatement is mitigated. The detection risks are always there for the auditors as, due to complexity of the nature of the business of Telstra, the auditor may overlook some of the important material misstatement which may cause severe impact on the audit work of Telstra(Telstra, 2016). Conclusion Telstra is a prime brand of Australian telecom provider and the business is growing with the eminent level of services extended by the company to its customers. The company ahs a strong base of loyal bunch of customers and they really depend upon the services of the company as the company is excelling its performance with the adaptation of latest technology in the field with the application for the customers. The company has high level of research and development wings that devotes time, energy and money for this purpose to afford more value added services to the customers. The company ahs risks related to business, as like other businesses. It is the prime job of the company to minimize the same and look for the best possible affordable service to the customers. The risks related to auditing is always there for any company so far audit operation is concerned, and the same is to be mitigated with the expertise and professionalism by the audit agency to understand the system of operation of the company well and so the mitigation of audit risk can be ensured which is required for the interest of stakeholders like shareholders, creditors, government, suppliers and the employees. Telstra, being a professional company always insists on transparency and that helps the auditors to minimize the audit risk as well to perform the best possible audit for the company. . . References: Accc. (2016, February 05). Competition in the Australian telecommunications sector. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Accc: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/ACCC%20Telecommunications%20reports%202014%E2%80%9315_Div%2011%20and%2012_web_FA.pdf Asx. (2015). Asx Listinig Rules. Retrieved September 29, 2016, from https://www.asx.com.au/documents/rules/gn04_foreign_entities.pdf Budde. (2015, December 01). Telstra remains the master of the game. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from budde: https://www.budde.com.au/Research/Australia-Telco-Company-Profiles-Telstra-Optus-and-Vodafone Capitalcube. (2016, January 12). Telstra Corp. Ltd. Value Analysis (ASX:TLS) : January 22, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016, from Capitalcube: https://www.capitalcube.com/blog/index.php/telstra-corp-ltd-value-analysis-asxtls-january-22-2016/ Continuum, Q. (2011, July 06). Equities Spotlight: Telstra (TLS). Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Macrobusiness: https://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2011/07/equities-spotlight-telstra-tls/ Hopq. (2015, March 23). PESTAnalysis. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Hopq: https://www.hopq.info/essays/Pest-Analysis-362245.html Kidman, A. (2016, July 28). Telstra still tops in Australian mobile market share. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Finder: https://www.finder.com.au/telstra-still-tops-in-australian-mobile-market-share Molinsky, R. (2016, August 11). Telstra 2016 financial results. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from exchange: https://exchange.telstra.com.au/2016/08/11/telstra-2016-financial-results/ Nguyen, H. (2014, October 05). Strategic Human Resource Management - Telstra. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from prezi: https://prezi.com/lihsho-x0kvs/strategic-human-resource-management-telstra/ Telstra. (2016). Financial results. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from telstra: https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/investors/financial-information/financial-results Telstra. (2015, August 13). Governance at Telstra. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from telstra: https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf%20D/governance-at-telstra.pdf Telstra. (2016, August 11). Governance at Telstra. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Telstra: https://www.telstra.com.au/content/dam/tcom/about-us/investors/pdf-e/FY16-Corporate-Governance-Statement-and-Appendix-4G.pdf Telstra. (2016). Take The Risk Out. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from Telstra: https://www.telstra.com.au/business-enterprise/download/document/business-security-consulting-datasheet.pdf Telstra. (2013, May 01). Telstra. Retrieved October 07, 2016, from myassignmenthelp: https://myassignmenthelp.info/assignments/assignment-online-study-guide-review-analysis-telstra-australian-telephone/

What is British Culture Essay Thesis Example For Students

What is British Culture? Essay Thesis When Sociologists use the term culture they are referring to a whole way of life within a particular society i.e. Different societies have different cultures. Some societies however may share similar things within their cultures, for example, British society shares the same language (English) with American society. There are a number of different sociological interpretations of culture. Ralph Linton states that The culture of a society is the way of life of its members; the collection of ideas and habitats which they learn, share and transmit from generation to generation. Culture is learned through the process of socialization, it is also shared and provides a design for living. There would be a broken and disrupted communication if culture was not shared, cooperation would decay altogether and this would ultimately lead to disorder and the collapse of human society, therefore culture is crucial in civilised human life. Culture is expressed through routine behaviour and symbolic culture of their society by following guidelines and rules, these are known as norms and values and are important in maintaining order in society. Norms are specific rules members of a society must abide by. They guide people in particular situations with appropriate and sensible behaviour. Norms are enforced by positive and negative sanctions which can be addressed formally and informally. Values work more as general principles for human behaviour and maintain morals. In order for a stable society that operates most effectively, norms and values must be shared and preserved. We will write a custom essay on What is British Culture? Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now British society has a culture just like every other civilisation. People who live in Britain are part of its culture and society and must obey its norms and values. There are various customs and conventions associated with British culture. Britains culture can be defined through a number of things. This includes language which is essential as it allows communication and cooperation, the necessary ingredients in an active and shared culture. Britains predominant language is English, this is mainly because it is taught in schools and is used broadly in public. Foreigners are urged to learn English and fit into British society. David Blunkett proposed that all those who live in Britain must learn and speak English at all times, including at home. He also suggested that those who want admission into Britain must pass a test on British history. Many would agree with Mr. Blunkett that this is a progressive step for British culture as it gives foreigners a better opportunity to adapt into the British society. Dress also plays an important part in British culture. For example someone wearing salwaar kameez may be stared at in central London, as it is not a normal way to dress however British people are beginning to accept and recognise different dress senses. In British culture, as in others, there are norms that govern dress. People who promote nudity are not tolerated in British society, as a result they are enforced with a negative, formal sanction by the state. Food also plays an important role in different cultures. The British culture is particularly recognised for its traditional fish and chips and breakfast meals. One of the popular conventions of British society would include socialising at a pub, after work or in the evening. This social institution is known for its sale of alcoholic beverages which are also related to British culture. Arguably the most important value within British culture would be the importance of education. In British culture education is regarded as the key to success, this concept has been hugely debated as many believe education has little relevance in succeeding in life and that success in itself may be defined in many ways to different people. British society is heavily dependant on the education system, one of its most important socializing institutions. British culture is a supporter of equality, another feature subject to criticism. British society grants the people of its culture many freedoms, these include freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of movement and freedom of association. .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .postImageUrl , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:hover , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:visited , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:active { border:0!important; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:active , .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17a1f563283be456e9565107f2046a6d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Richard Preston EssayBritain is also the promoter of traditional events that include Halloween and bonfire night these are part of its culture, as they are celebrated annually by the majority of the population. The majority of Britain is of the Christianity faith and so Christmas is the major religious event, it is publicised by the mass media the most. Media is a hugely significant constituent in British culture. It promotes celebrity trends through TV and Tabloid newspapers, this prompts individuals to change their cultural possessions and more importantly their cultural identities. The question of does Britain have a culture? can arise as Britain is regarded as a multi-cultural and multi-faith society having said that, there is strong evidence that suggests that it is dominated by white, upper class males.