Essay about The Gay and Lesbian Community in the Y...

The Gay and Lesbian Community in the Y Generation As the Y Generation continues to expand its horizons, new trends of tolerance are beginning to shine through. The gay and lesbian community is more readily embraced by today’s generation than by generations in America’s past. More and more people are â€Å"coming out† than ever before, which proves that the gay and lesbian community is gaining acceptance and their rights to equality are slowing increasing, but discrimination is still there. Even though gays and lesbians are more accepted amongst the Y Generation, hate and misunderstanding still exist. There are many misconceptions about the gay and lesbian community, which occur for the most part because society doesn’t take the time to†¦show more content†¦Gabriel Rotello in his article â€Å"Calling All Parents,† underscores this need for parental love by stating that almost all lesbian and gay teens go through a terrible, lonely stage when they feel they have no one to turn to, not even their own family members - sometimes especially not their own family members. It’s a phase that can leave lasting psychological damage even to the vast majority who survive it (112). Gay children are at extremely high risk for anxiety, confusion, despair, and, yes, some even contemplate suicide. In fact, according to a recent study published in the May 1999 issue of Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine, gay and lesbian youth â€Å"were 3.4 times as likely to have attempted suicide than straight youth.† (487) Can the media play a part to alert parents of gay children to express their love and acceptance before it is too late? We see and hear campaigns about drugs and smoking, but what about homosexuality? Rotello took the plunge and created an ad campaign that warns, â€Å"Millions of American kids are gay and at risk. So talk to your children and let them know you love them, no matter how they choose to love.† (112) The more exposure this sensitive issue receives in the media, the better off families with gay members will be. On another note, the gay and lesbian community is gaining more acceptance in the entertainment industry. 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Kant on Mind - Action - & Ethics

Questions: 1. Describe Immanuel Kants view of the world and his perception of human nature.2. What does Immanuel Kant see as the main source of human discord? 3 paragraph.3. What is Immanuel Kants prescription for human discord? Provide an example.4. What do you see as the main strengths and weaknesses of Immanuel Kants view of human nature?5. Describe Karl Marxs concept of the world and of human nature.6. What are the causes of human suffering according to Karl Marx?7. What is Karl Marxs prescription for the alleviation of human suffering? Provide an example.8. What do you see as the main strengths and weaknesses of Karl Marxs theories of human nature? Answers: 1. Immanuel Kant is considered as one of the greatest philosopher in western tradition. His contribution to ethics, epistemology and aesthetics had impact on every philosophical movement that followed him. A fundamental aspect of Kants philosophy was to describe scientific knowledge is possible. Kant argued that science depends on specific fundamental proposition. These principles cannot be proved empirically at the same time these principles are not tautologies either. In Kants view, they are priori proposition whose predicate concept is not remain contained in its subject concept but related and justification of the proposition does not depend upon experience. Kant was mainly focused in reconciling religion and morality with science. Kant perceptual knowledge of human nature depends upon the interaction between sensory states and incident outside the mind. According to Kant, the principles of human actions are far important than the exact result of the action itself. Since, if individuals are motivated by correct principles then he/she will exhibit ethical behavior. However, Kants state that human actions need to have universality. The essence of the theory is to never lie for greater future. Kant contrasts that reason demands that everyone will be moral. According to him, rational person should confirm their wills to the law of moral. Being moral is about having right intension and has nothing to do with the consequences of their other actions. In case of immorality, Kant believes that people freely choose to neglect their duty on one hand but at the same time, the propensity to evil is innate somehow (Saunders and Joe). 2. Kant has discussed the in definability of human nature in an effective manner. Kant has proposed a question about the nature of human being. He discussed the theory at the very centre of the philosophy. However, he never tried to provide a systematic answer to it. Kant has discussed that the peculiar characteristics of human species are indefinable. As per Kants theory, human nature is predispositions. He rejects the traditional definition of human being as he does not agree with the fact that human comes from animal rationale. Moreover, he discovers that rational capacities that facilitate them in opening our nature to modification by being the source of perfectibility. He analyses the reason that human capacity for an indeterminate mode of life is openended and self devised. On the contrary, the life of other animal is fixed for them by instinct. Therefore, the traditional definition suggests a confession that the human nature is in principle indefinable. The major difficulty of anthropology lies in regularities in individuals behavior that might also be indicative to human nature as such. Kant observed that major regularities of peoples behavior are because of their habit. However, habits describe only about how an individual going to react in a familiar situation. Still consider humans in several situations, different circumstances exhibits different habits of an individual. Further, habits have to be ambiguous if individuals have to perform one of their necessary psychic functions. Kants skepticism regarding human discord contains two factors. First, Kant has doubt regarding the capacity to study human nature. Kant seems to believe that psychological explanations will never be greater than conjectural or hypothetical. Kant also has doubts are about the principles of the anthropology. Since he believes that, everyone knows about the human nature gives their reason for disturbing their abilities to know themselves. 3. The problem indicating the character of human species is insoluble as e solution made based on the comparison of two species of rational being. However, experience does not indulge with the solution. Kant clearly believes in intelligent extraterrestrial life that indicates the fact about the fantasy of human exceptionalism. At one point, Kant briefly compares humans with as the possible rational being on the planet. He has explained that predicting the human nature is the most difficult task. The reason for the difficulties of predicting human nature is lack of empirical evidence of the specific natures of rational being. However, the comparison between humans and other terrestrial being could be conducted in an effective manner. On the other hand, Kants comparison between human beings and animals is naturalistic and biologically based. Kant always thinks differently about the nature of human species. For example, Wilson and other contemporary biology oriented theorist have the te ndency to see only continuities between human s and other animals. However, Kant suggests the fundamental discontinuities between the human and other animals. Kant has argued that human are not inherently rational. However, they have the capacity to become rational in the society. Kant has described that humans have strong tendency to disguise or conceal the truth about them. If humans notice that someone is observing him, then that individual either feel embarrassed or unable to show what he actually is. Hence, to understand humans true nature, Kant prescribed to observe peoples unconscious behavior. Therefore, Kants view that individual is psychologically opaque to themselves and to others has very little to do with their metaphysical postulate of freedom and many more things to do with several set of ideas usually associated with later thinkers. This is because Kant thinks that humans have tendency to make their representation obscure by letting them into unconsciousness. Kant thinks that an ideal example of this is the way humans deal with sexual desires and thoughts (Louden and Robert). 4. Kants theory gives moral laws and regulation that can be valid worldwide. Kant has a conception about human nature to an extent. According to him, the fundamental to the conception of humans having a collective history, which is to make them free and in this conception a strong feeling to struggle against their propensities to self-conceit, unsociability and inequality towards a universal free community in which every human being is striving in to a realm of ends. Kants this conception about human nature is authentically enlightenment. Kants philosophy as a whole is probably the most characteristic product of the social and intellectual movement, commonly as The Enlightenment. It is a unique source for all progressive action and thought. Weak terminology like a historical and individualistic can have many senses. Kant responds against the nature of human being was fundamental to all of his philosophy. Kants typical thought of Enlightenment is for defending the dignity and rights of individual human being. Kant has respect for human life. It holds as one of the important aspect of his theory. This ethical theory highlights most of the international laws. This theory also provides foundation for current conceptions of justice and equality. This theory also provides a basic human right theory. Kant theory is not overloaded with emotion. It also does not allow any favoritism for any close friends. This theory has standard objective is free from individuals own culture bias and interests. Inflexibility is an issue with Kants theory. There are many situations occurs where people think that is better to break rule than to remain in this theory. Some philosophers are also questioned the moral laws of Kants theory. Since, they does not relate with the objective of the morality. According to Kant, animal does not have any intrinsic value, which many environmentalists believe is wrong and dangerous. Some criticized the claim of duty of priority. Kants theory ask everyone to follow it, as it like a universal rule. Kant have faith in reattribute justice. It does not allow any mercy. Many believe that this might have immense negative impact on the society (Franke, Mark). 5. Marxs theory regarding estrangement is directly rooted in his theory of human nature. Marxs biological model of human nature describes the way human species are different from other animals in a very general way. Marx held a consistent assumption that human nature is expressed in a drive to spontaneously and able to produce products in a manner that is conductive to individual and social satisfaction. Marx theory implies that individual satisfaction comes in the form of others satisfaction. Alienation posits theory of Marx implies that the human is alienated from the production process, product, fellow people and from himself. If there is no sense of self then the final moment of alienation will eventually become nonsensical. Marx historical model argues Benthams Normal Man concept. Historical model points out those properties that are subjected to change. According to Marx, if a man is confronted by himself then the other man will confront him as well. According to Marx, one element will determine where an individual stands in the social class hierarchy. Still Marx does make distinction between Entausserung and Entfremdung. However, in human nature this distinction is very little but it is an important one which Marx tries to describe in his theory. 6. According to Marx, every criticism starts with the criticism of religion. This is often considered as the starting position that ends with a view that religion is optimum for the people. Marx stated that the religion is the sigh of the creature in a hostile world. The description of the religion as the heart of this heartless world thus eventually becomes a critique of religion, as it exists. Even though actions and understanding is closely linked in Marx theory. Marx took idealistic and Hegelian approach and added in a materialistic grounding from Feuerbach. For him religion is the most divine feeling in a man. Marx synthesis of debate between Feuerbach and Hegel is to agree with them but to turn both of them upside down. Thus, Marx was able to launch the Communist Manifesto with the intention that the history of all existing is the story of struggles. For Marx, this was a real factor of history; struggles between real classes that produced historical outcomes which again went on to become new struggles. Marx thought of leaving humans in Buddhas family is because he thought it might change peoples materialistic conditions and might minimize their suffering. According to Marx, religion is merely a temporary painkiller that everyone needs to take until everyone get a better world that does not require it. Marx explains that human suffering will not end by changing world but by changing themselves. 7. Human suffering is something that always present in the society. Although the suffering may take different forms several societal and historical contexts, there are lots of elements of suffering. Rightly, Marx saw religion as one of the major social structures contributing to humanitys current and deplored state of affairs. Marx bought Enlightenment notion of progress. Marx theory tries to develop a society where everybody in the society helps each other to reduce the human suffering (Kitching and Gavin). Marx perception of materialism is the understanding the societys reality. In this theory, capitalism philosophy is grounded in both materialist and dialectical. As a materialist, Marx not agrees with the existence of the God. Yet he felt that humanities destiny is still have hope. Marx believes that the proletariat revolution is a key. Marx theory encourages people especially from the lower class to work hard to overcome their insufficient economical condition. According to Marx, world system was inherently unfair. As in this society, nobody has any concern about the other individuals. Marx viewed that socialism is the major factor of this heartless society. Hence, Marx prescribed capitalism so that world can be a society where everyone took care of others (Veblen and Thorstein). 8. The main strength of Marxism is a theoretical one. This theory explains a humane way to run an entire society. In Marx society, everyone will help each other and nobody will remain poor in the entire society. Marx theory helps to raise increase awareness on everyones mind. Specially, for those peoples who belong to the lower class of the society, Marx theory is influential. Since it gives them the believe that they could get rid of their uncondussive and poor life. However, main weakness of Marx theorys major weakness is that it does not go with the real life situation. Since, this theory does not take into account the necessary selfishness and greediness of human being. Marx relies on individual to work extremely hard just to become rich from their efforts. However, the real world situation is somewhat different from this. Marxs economy is also always have been unproductive and inefficient (Berlin and Isaiah). Marx also failed to consider ecological sustainability in his theory. According to Marx, capitalism is the cause of all major problems. In other words, Marx theory has no idea about the limit of growth concept. Marxist idea about changing society is also highly criticized by Anarchists. It also failed to consider the unacceptable dangers in taking an authoritarian centralists approach. Since, it is very much possible that those in control of the society are very likely to become a dictator. In Marx theory, too much importance is given on the economical factors in describing social change and development. References: Saunders, Joe. "Kant on Mind, Action, Ethics." (2016). Louden, Robert, et al. "Lectures on anthropology: the Cambridge edition of the works of Immanuel Kant." (2013): 1-640. Franke, Mark FN.Global limits: Immanuel Kant, international relations, and critique of world politics. SUNY Press, 2014. Berlin, Isaiah.Karl Marx. Princeton University Press, 2013. Veblen, Thorstein.The socialist economics of Karl Marx and his followers. Read Books Ltd, 2015. Kitching, Gavin.Karl Marx and the Philosophy of Praxis (RLE Marxism). Vol. 6. Routledge, 2015.

Physical Eduaction Essay Example

Physical Eduaction Essay In society’s struggle against the growing obesity epidemic and the rising number of health related illnesses, it is becoming increasingly important to ensure children are being taught the significance of participating in regular physical activity and to also attain an understanding of the different aspects of physical education. Physical education can be defined as the understanding, development and teaching of the sociological, physiological and psychological aspect within sport and physical activity. Physical education helps students develop social skills and understanding which will ultimately enable the student to become a positive member of society. Physical education also allows students to develop their own skills and knowledge of sports and physical activities, which in turn will help promote a healthy, active lifestyle and potentially provide future career opportunities. Physical education has the potential to make significant contributions to the education and development of children and young people in many ways. Physical Education is the main institution for the development of physical skills in children and young people. Educational theorist Telama, has highlighted the idea that schools are the main environment for many children to be physically active, whether it is through physical education programs or after-school activities (Telama et al, 1997). The physiological benefits of Physical Education are well established. Regular participation in physical activities can help lead to a longer and better quality of life, reduced risk from a number of health related diseases and many psychological or emotional problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Eduaction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Eduaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Eduaction specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Regular physical exercise can reduce the risk of hear disease, type two diabetes and high blood pressure while also helps in the prevention of weight gain and depression or anxiety (Wuest Fisette, 2012). Basic movement skills that are developed through Physical Education programs are the foundations of almost all sporting and physical activities. Booth suggests that ‘there is evidence that those who have developed a strong foundation in fundamental movement skills are more likely to be active, both during childhood and later in life’ (Okely et al, 2001). Motorlogical benefits can also be seen through Physical Education in the form of developing important movement skills, which are needed throughout day-to-day life. Such movement skills include: flexibility, agility, strength, speed and hand-eye coordination. Through a relevant and efficient Physical Education program, students have the potential to develop skills and technique, which may provide possible career pathways later in life. The sociological benefits of Physical Education provide students with the tools to become an active and influential member of society. Physical education theorist, Svoboda states that ‘numerous studies have demonstrated that appropriately structured and presented activities can make a contribution to the development of pro-social behavior’ (Shephard, 1997). Students who participate in physical education have the opportunity to develop important social skills while working in a collaborative environment; this is the fundamental for building and maintaining friendships and relationships through life. Evidence suggests the Physical Education has the potential to bring individuals from a variety of social and economic backgrounds together in a shared interest. This ultimately offers a sense of belonging to a team of club, provides the opportunity to develop values and competencies, and helps develop social networks (Bailey, 2005). Academic benefits and positive behavioral improvements can also be attributed to Physical Education. A study in France during the early 1950’s found that children who participated in regular physical activity showed fewer disciplinary problems and had greater capacity for concentration. In more recent studies, evidence indicates that again these students showed positive behavioral improvements are now also showing improvements in academic performance (Shephard, 1997). In addition to the physiological and sociological benefits of Physical Education, students can also psychologically benefits from regular physical activity. Wuest and Fisette suggest that ‘participation in exercise promotes positive thought and feelings. These serve to counteract negative thoughts and feelings as well as mood states associated with depression and anxiety’ (Wuest Fisette, 2012). Psychological benefits of participating in physical activity include: a reduced state of anxiety, improved mood and emotions, alleviating symptoms associated with mild depression and an improvement towards social interactions and relationships. A positive relationship between exercise and psychological states is clearly evident, with various research showing different explanations on how this relationship occurs. Physical Education is an imperative foundation in the development of all students. Physical Education provides the social and physiological constructs on how to not only become an active, connected member of society, but how to also lead a healthy and active life while reducing the risk of serious illnesses. Furthermore, in reducing the likelihood of developing mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. Physical Education also carries significant psychological benefits. Physical Education has the potential to make substantial contributions to the education, development and wellbeing of all students. In each area discussed; physiological, sociological and psychological, there is evidence that proves Physical Education can have a positive and profound effect. Reference: Bailey, R, (2005), Evaluating the relationship between physical education, sport and social inclusion, Educational Review, pp. 71-90. Okely, A. , Booth, M. , Patterson, J., (2001), Relationship of physical activity to fundamental movement skills among adolescents, Medicine Science Sport Exercise, pp 1899 – 1904. Shephard, R. , and Trudeau, F. , (1997), Physical Education, School Physical activity, school sports and academic performance, Pediatric Exercise Science, pp 113 -126. Telama, R. , Yang, X. , Laakso, L. , and Viikari, J, (1997), Physical activity in childhood and adolescence as predictor of physical activity in young adulthood, Journal of Shool Health, pp 317 – 323. Wuest, D. A, and Fisette, J. L, (2012), Foundation of Physical Education, Exercise Science and Sports, 18th ed, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Mentally Ill in Jail1 essays

Mentally Ill in Jail1 essays The articles inform that more mentally ill people are in jail than in hospitals. According to statistics 159,000 of mentally ill are presently incarcerated in jails and prisons, mostly of crimes committed because they were not being treated. Some of them become violent and may terrorize their families and neighborhoods. Tragically, most of those instances of incarceration are unnecessary. We know what to do, but for economic, legal and ideological reasons, we fail to do it. The deinstitutionalisation of the severely mentally ill in the 60ties qualifies a as one of the largest social experiments in American history. In 1995, there were 558,239 severely mentally ill patients in the nations public psychiatric hospitals. In 1995, the number has been reduced to 71,619. The deinstitutionalization created an mental illness crisis by discharging people from hospitals without ensuring that they receive medication and rehabilitation services in the community. Consequently, 2.2million severely mentally ill do not receive any psychiatric treatment. Mental patients were released from psychiatric hospital in the belief that permitting them to live in a freer environment was more humane and would improve their well-being. Instead, they turned up in prisons where they are virtually devoid of dignity and lack adequate treatment and understanding. Besides, even if they take medications and might get better in jail, there is no guarantee that they will continue with the treatment after they are released into the communities. And so the vicious circle goes on. The solution to the problem is to provide sufficient funding to the community-based mental health system so people could be helped before they become part of the prison system. Services like medication therapy and monitoring, residential services, rehabilitation services and support services are successful in bringing the severely mentally ill back ...

Augustine's and Aquina's Justification of the exercise of social and Essay

Augustine's and Aquina's Justification of the exercise of social and political ruling - Essay Example Though the god has created both but they have different wills and desires (Book XII ). Thomas Aquinas was born in southern Italy in 1225. He was greatly influenced by Aristotle whom he called, the Philosopher. He began his main socio- political work, Summa theologie in 1266. Aquinas, though never contradictory to Augustine, presented a soft and optimistic view of human governance of its affairs. Clearly Influenced by Aristotle's philosophy Aquinas attempted recovery of Aristotle in the west. He has presented a milder and more optimistic theory which does not show intolerance of Augustine's stringent unworthiness of the worldly affairs. Aquinas did not find anything wrong with the Aristotle's humane, rational and ordered world. For him the interest of this world and the next can coexist and it is the duty of every individual to make best of the both these worlds. He respects Augustine's other world or heaven but do not find anything inappropriate in attaining this world's goods and achieving that world's bounties as and when time comes. He, however, emphasized that the meaningful existence in the former should lead to get entry in the latter. More than once the reader is forced to analyze Aquinas' effort stating forcefully as to why one should abandon the present living and think of divine and also his treatment to duty and philosophy as separate entities. Aquinas is highly inspired by Aristotle's famous maxim 'men is by nature a political animal' or Man is a social and political animal (4-6). The simple and comparative explanation clarifies Aquinas' thinking Animals are provided for their defense and food by the nature while man is not. Animals have thick and dense hairs to withstand harsh weather. Animals also have claws, long and sharp teeth to scare away or destroy their enemies. The food for survival is available in plenty for animals. Man lacks these facilities in him but is given power to reason to get these for his existence. But for that the man has to live in companionship with other fellow human. The communication and reason enable man to live in a society with others of his tribe. Augustine's neoplatinism does not believe in earthly politics. His duty is to please the divine and be a citizen of heavenly city. He stated that rules of such a society viz. prohibition and command are counterproductive since these increase desire to break the ru le and indulged in sinful deeds (City of God, XIII:6). Augustine elaborated that social structure or governance may be indispensable to the well being but not for preservation, of members of society, nevertheless, it was hardly a noble phenomenon or an appropriate object of devotion. According to Augustine the governance led to increase in selfish interest and blocked the vision to attain true and greater good e.g. salvation to the city of god. Aquinas favors governance that since a societal living is necessary for orderly existence there should be some management or governance of society. Augustine also contradicts Aquinas views on society of men and its collective efforts to own nature's free bounties or snatch these from animals by using his ability to reason and communicate. He prefers that it should be equally available to man and animal and whosoever gets it first should be allowed to have judiciously since that is divine law. Augustine's views show extreme disliking

Becoming a Successful Leader in the Hospitality Industry with Research Paper

Becoming a Successful Leader in the Hospitality Industry with Ban-Ki-Moon's Leadership - Research Paper Example This paper analyses or compares the leadership styles in hospitality industry with that of Ban Ki-Moon. According to Tracy and Hinkin (1994), â€Å"Hospitality managers should develop a strong sense of vision to clarify and communicate organizational objectives and create a working environment that fosters motivation, commitment and continuous improvement† (Tracy and Hinkin, p.18). Since hospitality industry is a service oriented industry, the behaviors of the employees play a vital role in bringing success. Demotivated employees may not behave properly with the customers and therefore it is essential for the leaders to ensure that the customer servicing staffs are adequately motivated to their profession all the time. Relationship building with the customers is vital for the hospitality industry to keep a good image in the market all the time. Even a single bad incident can damage the reputation of the organization immensely. â€Å"Both "people skills" and "business skills" are needed and a good manager will exhibit both. People skills include fair play among employees, respect, problem solving abilities and customer relations†(Leadership in Hospitality Industry). Ban Ki-Moon's leadership and the leadership in hospitality industry have lot of similarities. ... In other words, Ban is successful in treating all the countries fairly and he has shown no reservations towards any of the countries. He reacted based on situations or facts rather than the reputations. Leaders in hospitality industry should learn a lot from Ban’s leadership style. Hospitality industry leaders should make sure that all the customers are getting adequate treatment in their organization irrespective of the differences in the origins of the customers. In other words, an American and Indian customer who booked deluxe rooms should get equal treatments irrespective of the country of origin of the customer. Ban is not only keen in solving international political problems, but also in solving environmental problems. Leaders in hospitality industry should also show better commitments towards the community in which their organization operates. It should be noted that majority of service industries generate huge amount of wastes and some hotel groups have the habit of di sposing these waste injudiciously. Taking inspirations from Ban’s leadership, leaders in hospitality industry should make sure that none of their organization’s activities would cause any harm to the environment. Waste handling and recycling should be done in an environment friendly manner so that the people staying around the hotel may not be affected in any ways. Ban is not at all interested in doing something to boost his images. He is interested in doing meaningful things rather than face saving things. Some hotel groups have the habit of doing something to polish their personal face and that of the organization. Current customers are intelligent enough to identify the motives of organizations.

Impact of US Dollar on Canadian Economy Essay Example for Free

Impact of US Dollar on Canadian Economy Essay The Canadian Economy is strong. According to the 2001 Canada Yearbook, factors contributing to the country’s economic health are: natural resources; manufacturing and construction industries; financial and service sectors; the ability to span distances using communications and transportation technologies; dynamic trade relationships with other nations; and the ability to compete in a global marketplace (2004). Being the 2nd largest country in the world, Canada’s natural resources accounts for 12. 6% of its GDP growth in 2003. The Energy Sector, Forestry, Mineral Sector as well as Geomatics Sciences are responsible for this growth. Exportation of natural gas, timber and wood products, potash, uranium and other minerals make up for the growth. Geomatics is the science and technology of gathering, analyzing, interpreting, distributing and using geographic information. Since 2002, when the Canadian Government initiated the focus on understanding and mapping its land resources, it became one of the leading suppliers of information, technology and equipment in Geomatics. Today, Geomatics is a $10 to $20 billion dollar industry growing at a 20% rate, and thus is a potential growth area for the Canadian natural resources sector. According to Industry Canada, the Manufacturing and Construction Industries contribute to about 40% of Canada’s GDP, with an actual gross approximately $25 billion in December 2005. The two industries combined showed growth near single digit levels, (manufacturing at 1% GDP and construction at 0. 7% in Dec. 2005) which propelled the 0. 4 over-all GDP, making up for the loss in the Agriculture section at -1. 6% GDP in December 2005 (2006). The services sector in general is boosting the economy. Canada Yearbook states that the sector employs three out of four Canadians in the 21st Century (2004). Though their output is not as tangible as manufactured or natural goods, the services sector is everywhere and serve as the backbone of every economic sector. From the driver of a courier van to the company financial analyst to the service providers in Civil Defense, all the roles belong to the services sector. Together with advances in information technology, the services sector is transforming Canadian Economy into a knowledge-based economy (2006), as claimed by the Canadian Yearbook, where-in its modern products are efficient back-end services, professional consultancy and breakthrough technologies and equipment. Despite the economic transformation, trade is still the main means of business for Canada. As such, relationships with trade partners play a vital role. Among the countries in the world, four markets are in constant and significant trade relations with Canada: United States, United Kingdom, Japan and more recently, China. Among the four, its close neighbor, the United States takes about 75 – 80% of Canada’s trading business. Thus, changes in the Unites States economy, particularly of the US dollar impacts Canadian economy. State of Canada-US Trade Geography and history have provided opportunities for the United States and Canada to be in close business relations. In the natural order of things, free trade between the two nations would be beneficial in toto. However, political and social ramifications have prevented the successful pact since the mid 1800s until such time when, despite the disagreement of Canada’s Conservative Party, the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between US and Canada was effected in October of 1987. The over-all provision is to minimize tariffs of all goods traded between the two countries to a maximum of 1%. With the FTA in effect, trade between the two countries rose to 40% from a pre-FTA level of 25%. However, there is strong opposition from Canada about violations of the United States in the provisions of FTA, to the disadvantage of Canada’s agricultural business. However, seeing the benefits of a free trade zone, Prime Minister elect Jean Chretien improved the FTA and broadened the extend of the free trade to Mexico. Thus, in January of 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada and Mexico, took effect. Such Agreement involves an immediate and phased release of tariffs and trade barriers for agricultural products traded between the three countries. A macro benefit of NAFTA is a systematic conduct of business within North America because of the creation of an impartial, rules-based system to resolve dispute among the countries. Significant increases in trade activity were observed among the three countries in the first seven years of NAFTA implementation as compared to agricultural trade activities with other markets outside of North America. Canadian agricultural and agri-food exports to the United States and Mexico have increased by 95 percent, reaching $14. 8 billion in 2000. In comparison, Canadian exports of agricultural products to non-NAFTA countries grew by 45 percent during the same period, according to Agriculture and Agri-food Department of Canada (2006). Prior to NAFTA, agricultural import-export activities between Canada and the United States was only at $13. 7 billion. However, this increased $25. 1 billion in 2000, 82% higher, since 1993. Because 61% of Canada’s farming produce are exported to the United States, agricultural exports for the same period grew 92% to reach $14. 1 billion. As a result, Canadas agricultural trade surplus with the United States has more than tripled since 1993. As summarized by the Agricultural Department of Canada, Horticultural crops: volume exports of tomatoes increased twenty-fold while exports of peppers and lettuce increased seven-fold, and exports of cucumbers increased six-fold. Oilseeds products: soybean oil volume exports increased seven-fold, exports of sunflower oil quadrupled, and canola oil exports increased by 44 percent. Specialty crops: dried beans volume exports nearly tripled. Red meats: beef volume exports more than doubled while pork exports increased by 87 percent. Processed products: roasted coffee volume exports increased nearly seventeen-fold, malt exports increased nearly five-fold, exports of frozen French fries increased four-fold, and pasta exports more than tripled. Following the success of NAFTA and its predecessors from other continents of the world, Canada together with thirty-three other countries belonging to the American Continent are drafting a free trade agreement called Free Trade Agreement Among the Americas (FTAA). With its complex participation, the agreement is still under negotiations. Factors that Influence the Rise of the Canadian Dollar (against the US Dollar) With the rise of the United States as an Economic super power, it naturally assumed a role of having the US dollar as a worldwide currency. Significant markets such as Canada are always compared to the dollar. Moreover, being a majority trade partner of the US, the exchange rate of the Canadian dollar matters significantly over the US dollar. Since 2003, Statistics Canada has plotted the rise of the Canadian dollar against the US dollar and indicated its significant rise against the greenback. There are three factors that may have contributed to this growth: first, the weakening of the US economy brought about by increasing current account deficits; secondly, the worldwide increase in commodity prices; and thirdly, the improved performance of the Canadian economy resulting in trade surplus. Since 2001, there has been a common phenomenon in most major currencies in the world: they appreciated against the US dollar. The Euro and Canadian dollar were two of the strongest performers. When the Euro surpassed the greenback in 2003 analysts predicted that there was no turning back. While the loonie has seen significant appreciation at the rate of 25% since 2001 until 2005, surpassing historical performance by the US dollar. Such appreciation has been driven by the increasing trade deficits of the US. Since 2001, the US has been buying more goods and a service than the country is able to sell. More oil, gas, metals and services were bought with US dollars than were sold outside of the US. Some analysts believe that the on-going War on Terror has been the main source of the deficit. While the country is still figuring out how to address the deficits, major trade partners such as Canada are reaping the benefits of a weakening dollar. At the mercy (or because) of commodity supply, the Canadian economy remained resilient despite the volatility of oil, gas, metals and wood. Being a major supplier of such commodities, precarious world prices came at an advantage. Despite some internal losses as a crude oil refiner, the bottom line effect of this factor remained positive and contributed to GDP. Thus, the increase of the Canadian dollar. Last factor that weakened the dollar from Canada’s point of view is the initiative of its government to attract more businesses through higher interest rates (vs. that of the United States). The over-all effect therefore, of the three factors above is the weakening of the US dollar against the Canadian dollar. Today, the exchange rate of the Canadian dollar is rising and reaching its peak in 2001, at C$ 0. 846 vs. the US$. With such growth, the general assessment of Canadian economists, businesses and external analysts is that this is positive for the Canadian economy, now more than ever. The next sections will have full discussion of the different sectors in the Canadian economy as impacted by the weakening (or strength) of the US dollar. Impact of the US Dollar on Canadian Industries Exports Apart from agriculture and agri-products, steel is another commodity that Canada heavily trades with the United States. Canada’s steel production accounts for approximately two percent of the world’s total supply. This is very small as compared to the Asian producers (Japan, North Korea and Taiwan), which accounts for nearly 40%. Nevertheless, 89% of Canada’s steel export go to the United States while 58% of Canada’s imported steel come from the US. Trade barriers, transportation costs prevent small Canadian steel producers from competing outside of North America. North America’s open market is ideal for small and big steel manufacturers from Canada. Just by its size and high demand, the opportunity for supply is wide. In addition, proximity to such a large market allows for low transportation cost. Just-in-time supply is immediately served without much impact on delivery cost. Furthermore, inventory can be kept low unless preparing for construction peak. Steel pricing in North America is also higher than other export markets by as much as 40% when compared to Japan, where steel importation is minimal due to its own supply. In North America, particularly the United States, steel trade is predicted to continue growth. In this light, sustained and open access to the U. S. market is key to the Canadian steel industry. A slight fallback in the market, for example, experienced in 1995 posed a threat to the industry. Whenever such a slow-down happens, issues related to anti-dumping and government subsidies arise, without any proper venue for address under NAFTA. Unfair trade practice is an issue commonly raised by the US against Canada when market conditions appear to favor Canada’s steel industry. In the same manner, weakening of the US dollar may initiate such a condition when Canada’s steel industry continues to maintain a surplus against the US. Once again is likely to be subject to charges of unfair trading practices by U. S. steelmakers. In 1993, according to Industry Canada, the country had a global steel trade surplus of $580 million and a steel trade surplus with the U. S. of $909 million. While the trade surplus was maintained with the U. S. , the surge in steel demand in 1994 resulted in a dramatic rise in imports and produced an overall international trade deficit of $207 million. The total trade balance deficit increased in 1995 to $349 million as Canadian imports again exceeded exports. However, the steel trade surplus with the U. S. was $1. 0 billion in 1995. Over the period from 1989 to 1995, steel imports have increased from 18. 6 percent of apparent domestic consumption in Canada to 29. 9 percent in 1995. Meanwhile the import share held by the U. S. increased from 8. 6 percent to 17. 5 percent. In the U. S. market, imports increased from 17. 9 percent of apparent domestic consumption in 1989 to 21. 4 percent in 1995, with Canadas import share increasing from 3. 1 percent to 4. 0 percent. With such steel trade dynamics between the two countries, the weakening of the US dollar means the increase in Canada’s export price. Either more US dollars are needed to purchase the same Canadian product in the 21st century, than during the slump 1990s; or less Canadian dollars are earned for every sale of a Canadian export. At the other end, when Canada imports from the US, the commodities and services become cheaper. Either way, both impacts sales and profits. When sales and profits are volatile, vulnerable small businesses tend to closedown and contribute to unemployment. In order to maintain profit margins, Canadian export companies will need to improve efficiencies. Improvement may come in three ways: production streamlining, outsourcing and amortization gains. When the US dollar is low, it is the best time for companies to reevaluate tools and machinery throughput. Technology improvements will present more-efficient, more-automated processes, which can be useful in improving production efficiency. Since most equipment are bought from the US or are priced in US dollars, lower dollar exchange rates mean cheaper equipment. This is one way that exports companies to maintain profit margins by reducing production cost through efficient machines. In the same line of thinking importing services also come cheaper than when the US dollar is strong. Whether obtaining services from the US, or from East Asia, where intelligent and skilled labor is cheap, outsourcing back-end process in export production always contribute to efficiency. Though this may result to redundancies, macro effects of outsourcing prove to be positive to the bottom line. Lastly, for businesses that amortize US dollar-denominated loans, there will be gains in the amortization payment because of the weakened dollar. Furthermore, during a round-table public forum in 2004, businessmen have suggested that the Canadian government consider lowering interests rates to match that of the US. Doing so will minimize the impact of loans on Canadian dollar-based denominations despite its appreciation. Imports The stronger currency benefits importers. Consumers and businesses benefit from a better Canada-U. S. exchange rate through less expensive imports from the U. S. The depreciation of the dollar lowers import costs and, more specifically, offers cheaper capital goods, making investment in new machinery and equipment in Canada cheaper. Canadian businesses import 80% of equipment and machinery, and with these imports now more affordable, a boost to business investment can be expected. However, some argue that with the loss of revenue, investments in new machinery and equipment would not be substantial.